ENDOCRINE Flashcards by Elite Malaca

Nature of Hormones

• Secreted by specialized cells
• Secrete in small amount
• They have target cells
• Binds to specific receptors (specificity)
• Release in the blood
• Classified as steroids and non-steroid

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Hormones control several major processes:

• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism

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4 Classes of Chemical Messengers

Autocrine chemical messengers
Paracrine chemical messengers
Neurotransmitters
Endocrine chemical messengers

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Functions of the Endocrine System

• Metabolism
• Control of food intake and digestion
• Tissue development
• Ion regulation
• Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
• Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
• Water balance
• Control of the reproductive functions
• Uterine contraction and milk release
• Immune system regulation

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Classification of Hormones

Amino acid derivatives
Steroids
Proteins

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A _______ or ____ ______ ______ in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

stimulus, low hormone levels

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Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by_______ ______

negative feedback

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Hormone release ________ once an appropriate level in the blood reached

stops

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Major Endocrine Organs

• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pineal gland
• Thymus gland
• Pancreas
• Gonads (ovaries and testes)
• Hypothalamus

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PITUITARY GLAND OR HYPOPHYSIS is Size of a ____

pea

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Pituitary Gland or hypophysis hangs by a stalk from the _________ in the brain

hypothalamus

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Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis is seated in the _____________ and protected by the __________

sella turcica , sphenoid bone

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Pituitary Gland 2 functional lobes

Adenohypophysis - Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue
Neurohypophysis – Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue

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master endocrine gland

PITUITARY GLAND OR HYPOPHYSIS

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The anterior pituitary gland or ___________

adenohypophysis

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tropic hormones

TSH
ACTH

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posterior pituitary gland or ___________

neurohypophysis

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posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis 2 nuclei:

Supraotic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei

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secrete ADH

Supraotic nuclei

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secretes oxytocin

Paraventricular nuclei

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General metabolic hormone

Growth Hormone

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Plays a role in determining final body size

Growth Hormone

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Growth Hormone’s major effects are directed to ___________ and ________

growth skeletal muscles , long bones

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growth hormone causes _________ to be built into proteins

amino acids

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growth hormones causes ______ to be broken down for a source of energy

fats

Peak secretion of GH occurs during periods of ______, _______, _______

sleep, exercise, and fasting.

Growth Hormones is influenced by ______, ________, and ________ during puberty

nutrition, genetics and sex hormones

results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood

Pituitary dwarfism

results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

Gigantism

results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

Acromegaly

results in dwarfism

Achondroplasia

genetic disorder whose primary feature is dwarfism

Achondroplasia

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

Lactogenic hormone or Prolactin (PRL)

Function in males is unknown

Lactogenic hormone or Prolactin (PRL)

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

Gonadotropic hormones

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates sperm development in testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Triggers ovulation of an egg in female

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates testosterone production in males

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

_______________ axis links the nervous system with the endocrine system

pituitary-hypothalamus

region of the brain that is located inferior to the thalamus

hypothalamus

hypothalamus coordinates signals from internal organs and other regions of the brain and regulates a response from the endocrine system via the _______.

pituitary

hypothalamus secretes both _________ that stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete a hormone and ___________ that inhibit the release of a hormone from the anterior pituitary.

releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

Hypothalamus produces two hormones:

- Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary:

Growth Hormones

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

- Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding

Oxytocin

Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman

Oxytocin

Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Also known as vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Found at the base of the throat

THYROID GLAND

Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

THYROID GLAND

hormones Produced by thyroid gland

• Thyroid hormones • Calcitonin

Thyroid hormones produced by thyroid gland:

• Tetraiodothyronine Thyroxine or T4 • Triiodothyronine T3 • Calcitonin

Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine

Goiters

Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine

Cretinism

Results in dwarfism during childhood

Cretinism

Cause by hypothyroidism in adults

Myxedema

Results in physical and mental sluggishness

Myxedema

Cause by hyperthyroidism

Graves’ Disease

Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid, heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos

Graves’ Disease

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Stimulate osteoclasts to remove from bone

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Raise calcium levels in the blood

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Sit on top of the kidneys

ADRENAL AND SUPRAENAL GLANDS

Two regions of ADRENAL AND SUPRAENAL GLANDS

- Adrenal cortex - Adrenal medulla

outer glandular region has three layers

Adrenal cortex

outer glandular region has three layers

Adrenal cortex

3 layers of Adrenal cortex

1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Sex hormones

secreted by outermost layer of Adrenal cortex

Mineralocorticoids

secreted by middle layer of Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids

secreted by innermost layer of adrenal cortex

Sex hormones

inner neural tissue region

Adrenal medulla

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

- Mineralocorticoids - Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids is produced in outer ___________

adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

Mineralocorticoids regulate _____ content in blood

mineral

Regulate water and electrolyte balance

Mineralocorticoids

Target organ is the kidney

Mineralocorticoids

Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids production inhibited by __________

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex - zona facciculata

Glucocorticoids

Promote normal cell metabolism

Glucocorticoids

Promote normal cell metabolism

Glucocorticoids

Help resist long-term stressors

Glucocorticoids

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

Glucocorticoids

three main glucocorticoids:

• cortisol, • corticosterone, • cortisone.

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex (zona reticularis)

Sex hormones

Small amounts are made throughout life

Sex hormones

Mostly _____ (male sex hormones) are made but some _______ (female sex hormones) are also formed

androgens , estrogens

Results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones

Addison’s disease

Bronze skin tone, muscles are weak, burnout, susceptibility to infection

Addison’s disease

May result from an ACTH-releasing tumor

Hyperaldosteronism

Excess water and sodium are retained leading to high blood pressure and edema

Hyperaldosteronism

Results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing’s syndrome

Moon face

Cushing’s syndrome

“buffalo hump” on the upper back,

Cushing’s syndrome

high blood pressure

Cushing’s syndrome

hyperglycemia

Cushing’s syndrome

- weakening of bones

Cushing’s syndrome

depression

Cushing’s syndrome

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

(105 cards)