Endocrine

Question 1

What structures border the right adrenal gland?

Answer 1

lateral - right kidney
cranial - covered by caudate process (liver)
medial - CVC
caudal - renal artery/vein
dorsal - T13
ventral - phrenicoabdominal vein

Question 2

Which adrenal gland is at the level of L2?

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

Which vessel transects the adrenal glands ventrally?

Answer 3

phrenicoabdominal vein

Question 4

Which adrenal gland lies closes to the aorta?

Answer 4

Left

Question 5

The right adrenal gland is often contiguous with adventitia of which vessel?

Answer 5

CVC

Question 6

Blood supply to adrenal glands

Answer 6

Phrenicoabdominal aa
Renal aa
Cranial abdominal aa
Aorta

Question 7

True/false - the left adrenal gland empties directly into the vena cava

Answer 7

False. Right AG into CVC. Left AG into L renal vein

Question 8

3 zones of the adrenal glands (outer to inner)

Answer 8

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticulata

Question 9

What is the primary hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 9

mineralocorticoids

Question 10

What compound makes up the difference between aldosterone and cortisol?

Answer 10

17-alpha-hydroxylase

Question 11

Which zone of the adrenal produces glucocorticoids?

Answer 11

Zona fasciculata

Question 12

What zone of the adrenal glands produces sex steroids?

Answer 12

Zona reticulata

Question 13

How are steroid hormones transported through blood?

Answer 13

Lipids - transported by binding to plasma proteins

Question 14

Majority of cortisol in circulation is bound to what plasma protein?

Answer 14

Transcortin

Question 15

Glucocorticoid negative feedback system

Answer 15

Glucocorticoids –>
Inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone (hypothalamus) –>
Decreased corticotropin secretion (pituitary gland)

Question 16

Functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 16

regulation of metabolism by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis

Inhibit glucose metabolism in muscle,fat
Stimulate lipolysis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Enhance protein catabolism
Increase GFR
Inhibit ADH
Stimulate gastric acid secretion
Suppress inflammation/immune response

Question 17

Function of mineralocorticoids

Answer 17

electrolyte balance
Blood pressure homeostasis

Question 18

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

Answer 18

Peripheral vasoconstriction
Secretion of aldosterone from AGs

Question 19

Where in the body is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

Answer 19

Pulmonary capillary endothelium

Question 20

Function of aldosterone in renal tubules

Answer 20

promotes Na, Cl, H2O reabsorption

Question 21

What cells produce catecholamines?

Answer 21

Chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla)

Question 22

What hormones are produced from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 22

Catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine)

Question 23

What regulates adrenal medulla?

Answer 23

sympathetic nerve stimulation

Question 24

What ratio of catecholamines is secreted by the adrenal gland in cats/dogs?

Answer 24

Cats
-70% epi
-30% norepi

Dogs
- 60% epi
- 40% norepi

Question 25

Function of epinephrine

Answer 25

Beta 2 receptors: -increase BG conc (promote hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis) -stimulates glycogenolysis in muscle Alpha 2 receptors: -inhibit insulin secretion - stim pancreas glucagon to increase BG -promotes lipolysis increase force of cardiac contraction increase HR

Question 26

Alpha 1 and 2 receptors control catecholamine release where in the body?

Answer 26

pre/post synaptic sympathetic nerve endings

Question 27

Epinephrine has highest affinity for which receptors?

Answer 27

Beta 2 -control metabolism, increase BG conc -vasodilation in skeletal muscle, coronary arteries, veins

Question 28

what characteristics of adrenal glands raise concern for mass/neoplasia?

Answer 28

max width > 1.5cm loses kidney bean shape asymmetric to contralateral AG

Question 29

Adrenal masses greater than __mm are likely to be malignant?

Answer 29

20mm

Question 30

Which thyroid gland sits more cranially?

Answer 30

right

Question 31

isthmus glandularis

Answer 31

narrow bridge of thyroid parenchyma between both thyroid glands (present in some dogs)

Question 32

Which thyroid gland(s) is in contact with the carotid sheath normally?

Answer 32

right (left displaced by esophagus)

Question 33

What structure forms the dorsolateral boundary of the left thyroid gland?

Answer 33

Esophagus

Question 34

What structures are in close proximity to the thyroid glands?

Answer 34

carotid artery internal jugular vein vasosympathetic trunk tracheal duct Esophagus (left) recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 35

Components of the carotid sheath

Answer 35

carotid artery internal jugular vein vasosympathetic trunk

Question 36

Where are the recurrent laryngeal nerves relative to the thyroid glands?

Answer 36

dorsomedial

Question 37

the cranial thyroid artery is a branch of which artery?

Answer 37

common carotid

Question 38

The cranial and caudal thryoid arteries arise from which major arteries?

Answer 38

cranial - common carotid Caudal - brachiocephalic

Question 39

In most cats, which vessel of the thyroid gland is absent?

Answer 39

caudal thyroid artery

Question 40

venous drainage of the thyroid gland

Answer 40

cranial/caudal thyroid veins --> internal jugular vein

Question 41

Innervation to thyroid gland

Answer 41

thyroid nerve (branch of cranial laryngeal, branch of vagal nerve)

Question 42

Which parathyroid gland is found within the thyroid parenchyma?

Answer 42

Internal parathyroid gland (usually caudal)

Question 43

The parathyroid glands sit on which aspect of the thyroid glands

Answer 43

dorsolateral

Question 44

Which set of parathyroid glands are typically more cranially located? (internal vs external)

Answer 44

External

Question 45

functional unit of the thyroid gland

Answer 45

thyroid follicle

Question 46

What amount of T4 and T3 circulate free/unbound in circulation?

Answer 46

<1%

Question 47

What glycoprotein is the precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 47

thyroglobulin

Question 48

Which thyroid hormone has more biological activity? T3 or T4

Answer 48

T3

Question 49

TSH is secreted by the ____

Answer 49

pituitary gland

Question 50

TRH is stimulated by the ___

Answer 50

hypothalamus

Question 51

thyroid hormone has a negative feedback effect to inhibit secretion from ______?

Answer 51

pituitary gland (secretes TSH)

Question 52

Where do calcium and phosphorus homeostasis occur

Answer 52

bones kidneys intestines (indirect)

Question 53

Effect of PTH on the kidneys?

Answer 53

decrease Ca excretion Increase Phos excretion increase calcitriol formation from Vit D in kidneys

Question 54

The primary effect of PTH is to: a. decrease serum conc of Phos b. increase serum conc of Ca

Answer 54

b - increase serum conc of Ca

Question 55

Function of calcitriol

Answer 55

increase absorption of Ca and Phos from intestines

Question 56

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 56

thyroid gland parafollicular cells (C-cells)

Question 57

function of calcitonin

Answer 57

decrease bone resorption (decrease Ca conc)