Endocrine

Question 1

Epinephrine is secreted from the

Answer 1

adrenal medulla

Question 2

Epinephrine secretion measures

Answer 2

adrenal medullary action

Question 3

norepinephrine is released by

Answer 3

SNS nerve endings

Question 4

How is most NE removed from the synapse ?

Answer 4

by reuptake into nerve endings

Question 5

Explain the synthesis of tyrosine to epinephrine

Answer 5

1. Tyrosine is converted to L-dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase
2. L-dopa is converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase
3. dopamine is converted to norepi by dopamine B- hydroxylase
4. Norepi is converted to epinephrine by phenylethanolomine N- methyltransferase

Question 6

What are 2 enzymes that break down NT?

Answer 6

MAO + COMT

Question 7

What is VMA?

Answer 7

byproduct of the stress hormone breakdown

Question 8

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 8

released into synaptic junctions to act locally to control nerves

Question 9

What is a neuroendocrine hormone?

Answer 9

Its released by neurons into the blood stream to influence the function of target cells at another location in the body

Question 10

paracrine hormone

Answer 10

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to influence neighboring cells of a different type

Question 11

autocrine hormone

Answer 11

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to influence the same cell type

Question 12

What are cytokines?

Answer 12

peptides secreted by cell into extracellular fluid that can function as autocrine, paracrine, endocrine hormones

Question 13

Ex. of cytokines

Answer 13

interleukins
leptin
lymphokine

Question 14

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

Answer 14

1. proteins & polypeptides
2. amines (Catecholamines)
3. steroids ( cholesterol)

Question 15

Which amines do NOT need a 2nd messenger?

Answer 15

1.thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 16

What are most of the hormones?

Answer 16

proteins and polypeptides

Question 17

What are examples of large proteins?

Answer 17

GH & prolactin

Question 18

How many amino acids do proteins have ?

Answer 18

100 or more

Question 19

How many amino acids do peptides have?

Answer 19

less than 100

Question 20

Where are polypeptides and proteins synthesized & stored?

Answer 20

on the endoplasmic reticulum and stored in secretory vesicles

Question 21

What is the polarity of polypeptides ?

Answer 21

polar & hydrophillic

Question 22

Do polypeptides and proteins require a receptor?

Answer 22

yes they require a receptor on target cell

Question 23

Name the 2 stimuli for peptide hormone secretion

Answer 23

1. increase in intracellular Ca+
2. increase in intracellular cAMP

Question 24

Name the steps for peptide hormone synthesis & location

Answer 24

1. DNA ——> nucleus
2. mRNA ——> ribosomes
3. prehormone ——-> endoplasmic reticulum
4. prohormone——–> golgi apparatus
5. hormone ——–> secretory vessels

Question 25

Explain calmodulin

Answer 25

protein that binds calcium & activates a crossbridge cycle

Question 26

What is the chemical makeup of steroid hormones ?

Answer 26

1 hexane & 3 pentane rings synthesized from cholesterol

Question 27

Are steroids stored?

Answer 27

NO

Question 28

Why can steroid hormones be rapidly mobilized?

Answer 28

There are large stores of cholesterol esters in the cytoplasm

Question 29

Where are 2 places amines can be synthesized?

Answer 29

thyroid and adrenal medulla

Question 30

Does the adrenal medulla secrete more epi or norepi?

Answer 30

4 times more epi

Question 31

How are thyroid glands synthesized & stored ?

Answer 31

thyroid & stored in the form of thyroglobulin

Question 32

What happens when thyroglobulin is split ?

Answer 32

T3 & T4 are released into blood stream

Question 33

What is thyroxine binding hormone?

Answer 33

protein that carries thyroid hormones in the blood stream and releases them to target tissues

Question 34

What are the water-soluble hormones & how are they transported ?

Answer 34

peptides & catecholamines 1.they are dissolved in plasma 2.transported to target tissues 3.diffuse out of capillaries 4. interstitial fluid 5. target cells