Endocrine

Question 1

what hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 1

1. thyroid hormone
2. calcitonin

Question 2

what are the 2 thyroid hormones?

Answer 2

T4 = thyroxine

T3 = triiodothyronine

Question 3

what is the action of the thyroid hormone?

Answer 3

controls BMR

growth and development

Question 4

what is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 4

decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in the bone

Question 5

what is juvenile hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

decreased secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 6

what are the 2 type of juvenile hypothyroidism?

Answer 6

1. congenital
2. acquired

Question 7

what is an example of congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 7

congenital hypoplastic thyroid gland

Question 8

congenital hypoplastic thyroid gland increases risk for __________ if not treated within ___________

Answer 8

developmental delays

if not treated within 3 months

Question 9

congenital hypothyroidism is part of the ________________

Answer 9

newborn screen

Question 10

what is involved in the newborn screen for congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

GnRH

gonadotropin

sex hormones

Question 11

what are some causes of acquired hypothyroidism?

Answer 11

thyroidectomy

radiation

infection

Question 12

does acquired hypothyroidism affect development?

Answer 12

no

brain has already developed

Question 13

what is a risk factor for hypothyroidism?

Answer 13

if mom was taking antithyroid during pregnancy

Question 14

what are some clinical infestations of hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

cognitive deficits

constipation

sleepiness

growth decline

myxedematous skin changes

Question 15

what are some myxedematous skin change associated with hypothyroid?

Answer 15

dry skin

puffiness around eyes

sparse hair

Question 16

what is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

life long TH replacement

oral L-thyroxine

Question 17

what is the risk associated with L-thyroxine treatment? how is this prevented?

Answer 17

hyperthyroidism

gradually increase over 4-8 weeks

Question 18

what is goiter?

Answer 18

hypertrophy of thyroid gland

Question 19

what are the 2 types of goiter?

Answer 19

1. congenital
2. acquired

Question 20

what cause congenital goiter?

Answer 20

mom taking antithyroid during pregnancy

Question 21

what are the 3 causes of acquired goiter?

Answer 21

increased TSH from pituitary

neoplasm

inflammatory disease

Question 22

what inflammatory disease causes goiter?

Answer 22

chronic autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 23

thyroid enlargement can be _______ and not always ___________

Answer 23

mild

noticeable

Question 24

when is thyroid enlargement more noticeable with goiter?

Answer 24

rapid growth
(increased demand for TH)

Question 25

at birth, thyroid enlargement can cause ___________ how do you prepare for this?

Answer 25

respiratory distress prepare to intubate

Question 26

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 26

Graves' disease

Question 27

what is Graves' disease?

Answer 27

enlarged thyroid gland autoimmune response to TSH receptors

Question 28

what is the peak incidence of Graves' disease?

Answer 28

12-14 years

Question 29

why might Graves' disease be present at birth (congenital)?

Answer 29

if mom used antithyroids in pregnancy

Question 30

Graves' disease is more common in ____________

Answer 30

girls

Question 31

Graves' disease is associated with ____________ disorders what are 2 examples?

Answer 31

autoimmune disorders 1. rheumatoid arthritis 2. lupus

Question 32

what are some clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?

Answer 32

weight loss tachycardia dyspnea exophthalmos goiter heat intolerance systolic murmurs irritability

Question 33

how is Graves' disease diagnosed?

Answer 33

low TSH levels high T3 and T4 levels

Question 34

what is the goal of treatment for Graves' disease?

Answer 34

decrease thyroid hormone secretion

Question 35

how is Graves' disease treated?

Answer 35

antithyroid drugs subtotal thyroidectomy radioiodine ablation

Question 36

what antithyroid drugs are used to treat Graves' disease?

Answer 36

PTU methimazole

Question 37

what is a complication associated with Graves' disease?

Answer 37

thyrotoxicosis

Question 38

what is thyrotoxicosis?

Answer 38

life threatening sudden release of thyroid hormone

Question 39

what is the most common endocrine disorder in childhood?

Answer 39

diabetes

Question 40

what is the peak incidence of diabetes?

Answer 40

10-15 years

Question 41

what is the most common type of diabetes in children?

Answer 41

type I

Question 42

what is type I diabetes?

Answer 42

destruction of beta cells causing insulin deficiency

Question 43

type I diabetes is more common in _______________

Answer 43

caucasians

Question 44

what are some symptoms of type I diabetes?

Answer 44

polydipsia polyuria polyphagia weight loss

Question 45

what is a complication associated with type I diabetes?

Answer 45

ketoacidosis

Question 46

how is type I diabetes managed?

Answer 46

insulin diet exercise

Question 47

what is type II diabetes?

Answer 47

insulin resistance

Question 48

what are the symptoms of type II diabetes?

Answer 48

fatigue blurry vision weight gain polydipsia polyuria

Question 49

how is type II diabetes managed?

Answer 49

oral medications diet exercise

Question 50

why are some other conditions associated with insulin dependence?

Answer 50

CF ALL

Question 51

how is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 51

fasting blood glucose > 7 random blood glucose > 11.1 OGTT > 11.1 A1c levels