Endocrine Flashcards
(27 cards)
Hormone Glossary
- Melatonin: regulates wake and sleep cycle
- Hypothalamic-releasing hormone: link nervous to endocrine system via pit gland
- Growth hormone: master gland to control other glands, growth of bones and tissue
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulate thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
- Lutenizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): control sexually frustration & sex steroids production (etc. estrogen, progestrone)
- Prolactin: milk production
- Thyroxin: stimulate body heat, bone growth, and metabolism
- thymosin: immune system activation
- insulin, glucagon: regulate blood glucose
- estrogen, progesterone: female reproductive and development cycle
- testosterone: male development and sperm production
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH): regulates blood calcium level & bone metabolism
- Corticosteroids: regulate body metabolism and anti-inflammatory response
- Adrenaline, norepinephrine/noradrenaline: stress repsonse
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) pathway
- Hypothalamus release TRH
- Anterior pituitary gland releases TSH
- Thyroid releases thyroxin (inhibits 1 and 2 when sufficient)
Calcium serum negative feedback loop
- Calcium serum drops
- parathyroid gland activates
- parathyroid hormone is released
- Calcium serum increases and parathyroid gland is deactivated
hormone therapies
Adrenal gland - Glucocorticoid hypersecretion: Cushing syndrome
Pituitary gland - Antidiuretic hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus
Thyroid hormone (T3&4) hypersecretion: Grave’s
Thyroid hormone (T3&4) hyposecretion: myxedema (adults) & cretinism (children)
Hormone therapy in chemo
- used as neoplastic treatment to slow growth of hormone dependent tumors
etc. administering testosterone to slow (ER+) breast cancer, administering estrogen to slow growth of prostate cancer
Pancreas
Endocrine: secrete insulin and glucagon to blood capillaries
Exocrine: secrete pancreatic juice to duodenum
Insulin and glucagon
Insulin:
- peptide hormone produced by beta cells of pancreas
-regulated by glucose in bloodstream
- reduces blood glucose
-important for glucose transport to cell
-hypoglycemic effect
Glucagon:
-peeptide hormone produced by alpha cells of pancreas
-insulin blocker
-increase bg levels
-hyperglycemic effect (moves glucose from cell to bloodstream
Diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia, pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or cell uptake of insulin is impaired
Symptoms:
Polyuria (urination)
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)
Type 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancrease (produces insulin)
- glucose levels in bloodstream increases
- excess glucose is removed via kidneys
- glucose is redirected to urine, and high glucose in urine causes excess urine production
- increased thirst and craving for water
Type 1 diabetes symptoms
- hyperglycemia
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Glycosuria
- weight loss
- fatigue/ lethargy
- ketone breath
- hyperventilation
- GI symptoms (etc. vomitting, abdominal pains)
Type 1 diabetes left untreated
- long term damage to arteries (causes heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and blindness)
- poor circulation (risks gangrene of extremeties and amputation)
- nerve degeneration (tingling of extremeties)
- ketoacid change in blood pH (risks acidosis or coma)
Type 1 diabetes treatment
Insulin drug therapy
- Combination of insulin injection, meal planning and regular exercises
- maintain bg levels within limits
Type 1 diabetes insulin therapy adverse effects
- hyperglycemia
- insulin resistance
- local abscess
- injection site pain
- insulin interaction that enhances hypoglycemic effects
Type 2 diabetes
Common in overweight, low HDL cholestrol and high triglyceride patients
-Insulin either not produced enough, or insulin receptors are desensitized
- glucose not entering cells properly
- cells not getting sufficient nutrient for growth
- bg levels increase
- hyperglycemia effect
Type 2 Insulin resistance pathway
- cell buildup insulin resistance due to constant exposure
- polyphagia consumption triggers more insulin production
- insulin storm is toxic to cells, hence cells downregulate receptor activity to protect self
- step 2 to 3 repeats, causing high insulin exposure and pancrease insulin production
- insulin produced can’t make up for downregulated cell activity
- weight gain
Type 2 diabetes complications
- heart and blood vessel disease
- nerve damage (neuropathy): exccess glucose damage capillaries
- nephropathy
- diabetic retinopathy
- foot damage
- hearing impairment
- skin abnormalities
- alzhimers
Type 2 diabetes treatment
- diet and exercise
- oral hypoglycemic agents
6 classes of hypoglycemic agents: sulfoylureas, biguanides, the rest kinda long
Biguanides
etc. Metformin
-helps cells in the body respond more effectively to insulin (i.e reduce insulin resistance)
-can cause lactic acidosis, abdominal discomfort, nausea. Start at a lower dose and take with meals, avoid if renal / liver impaired
Thyroid hormone
-thyroid hormone (T3, T4) secreted by follicular cells in thyroid gland
-iodine essential for synthesis
-regulates BMR, increase cellular metabolism (body temp, essential for body growth)
Thyroid disorders
- Hyperthyroidism:
autoimmune disorder causing grave’s disease
-symptoms: toxic goitre, buldging eyes, palpitations, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, weight loss, muscle weakness, heat sensitivity
Treatment:
1. Surgery (for tumor)
2. anti-thyroid drug (etc. tapazole) or ionizing radiation
- Hypothyroidism:
caused by iodine deficiency or thyroid removal via surgery
-symptoms: abnormal weight gain, lethargy, baldness, cold intolerance, low body temperature and bradycardia
Treatment:
1. Natural or synthetic thyroid hormone
The 3 reproductive hormones
Estrogen:
maturation of reproductive organs
Progesterone:
promotes breast development, responsible for menstrual cycle
Testosterone:
metabolic effect in tissues etc. building muscles
Ovaries and testes regulate LH and FSH
- FSH regulates sperm/egg production
- LH triggers egg release (ovulation), promotes secretion of estrogen & progestrone
- LH in testes regulates testosterone production
birth control
mostly estrogen-progestin combi: prevents ovulation and fertilization by providing -ve feedback loop to pituitary gland to shut down LH and FSH
Progestin only:
Produced thick mucus lining near cervix to block sperm, less reliable
long term formulation:
1. depo-provera
2. ortho-evra
3. nuvaring
4. mirena
Uterine abnormalities
4 types:
1. amenorrhea: abcense of menstruation
2. ogliomenorrhea: infrequent menstruation
3. menorrhea: prolonged or excessive menstruation
4. breakthrough bleeding: hemorrhage between menstruations
5. post-menopausal bleeding
Uterine abnormalities treatment
progestins to balance progesterone amount
