ENDOCRINE 20-1 / 20-2 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what is the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
A
hypothalamus
2
Q
what is considered the master gland of the body because it regulates the activity of the endocrine glands
A
pituitary gland
3
Q
what structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
A
infundibulum
4
Q
what connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
A
hypophyseal portal veins
5
Q
what hormone stimulates HGH and IGF
A
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
6
Q
what hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
A
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
7
Q
what hormone initiates the development of ovarian follicles
A
FSH
8
Q
where is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secreted from
A
anterior pituitary
9
Q
what hormone causes constriction of arterioles, thus causing an increase in blood pressure
A
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
10
Q
which gland is butterfly shaped and located just below the larynxy
A
thyroid gland
11
Q
what are the two thyroid hormones
A
- T3
- T4
12
Q
what type of cells produce T3 and T4 hormones
A
follicular cells
13
Q
what hormones increases the basal metabolic rate
A
thyroid hormones
14
Q
what gland produce calcitonin?
what type of cells produce calcitonin?
A
- thyroid gland
- parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands
15
Q
what is the small round mass of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
A
parathyroid gland
16
Q
what cells release parathyroid hormones PTH
A
chief cells
17
Q
what gland promotes the formation of the hormone calcitrol
A
parathyroid
18
Q
what type of function does the pancreatic islets have
A
endocrine
19
Q
what hormone does alpha cells secrete
A
glucagon
20
Q
the release of glucagon is stimulated by which division of the autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic
21
Q
what hormone does beta cells secrete
A
insulin
22
Q
what gland is responsible for releasing androgens
A
adrenal glands
23
Q
what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex
A
- outer: glomerulosa
- middle: fasciculata
- inner: reticularis
“GFR”
24
Q
which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting cortisol
A
middle: fasciculata
“FC”
25
which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting aldosterone
outer: glomerulosa
“GA”
26
what are conditions that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
- dehydration
- sodium deficiency
- hemorrhage
27
what stimulates axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls and contributes to the growth spurt before puberty
androgens
28
what are the female sex hormones
- estrogen
- progesterone
29
what inhibits the secretion of FSH
inhibin
30
what hormone is released during pregnancy to increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis
relaxin
31
where is testosterone produced
testes
32
what is the function of testosterone
- develop male secondary sex characteristic (deep voice and beard growth)
33
what medication is used to fix someone's circadian rhythm
melatonin
34
where is the pineal gland located
roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline
35
what happens to the thyroid hormone as we age
decrease
36
what does the decrease in thyroid hormones as we age cause
- decreased metabolic rate
- increased body fat
- hypothyroidism
37
what affect does aging have on insulin?
what does this cause?
- insulin is released more slower
- blood glucose levels to increase
38
what affect does age have on HGH?
what does this cause?
- decrease
- muscle atrophy
39
what does prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol cause
what stage does this occur
- wasting of muscles
- suppression of the immune system
- ulceration of GI tract
- failure of pancreatic beta cells
EXHAUSTION STAGE
40
when does symptoms of hypoglycemia begin
60 mg/dL
41
when does impairment of the brain function begins in a hypoglycemic patient
50 mg/dL or less
42
what are symptoms of postprandial hypoglycemia
- sweating
- palpitations
- anxiety
- tremulousness
“SPAT”
43
how do we treat hypoglycemia if there is no altered mental status
they can eat or drink juice or candy
44
what are the complications of hypoglycemia if left untreated
- coma
- brain damage
- traumatic injuries (MVA, falls)
- death
45
what is the glucose level for pre-diabetes
100-125 mg/dL
46
what are the risk factors of pre-diabetes
- family history
- obesity
- diet
- physical inactivity
- race
- women who delivered 9lbs babies
47
what may be a reason for someone to have a random blood glucose values of
100-125 mg/dL
non-fasting glucose
48
what kind of medication can cause someone blood glucose levels to increase
- antibiotics
- beta blockers
- corticosteroids
“ABC”
49
what is the initial treatment of pre-diabetes?
what is the next treatment for pre-diabetes if the initial treatment did not work
- weight loss, diet and exercise
- metformin
50
what type of infections are common in patients with diabetes
- candidal vaginitis
51
what are some complications of diabetes
- neuropathy
- retinopathy
- heart disease
52
what is the term for a baby with a high birth weight
macrosomia
53
what education would you give a patient with gestational diabetes
diet and exercise (nutritional counseling)
54
what is the blood glucose level for a patient with DKA
over 250 mg/dL
55
what is the hallmark symptoms of DKA
- FRUITY BREATH
- polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
- blood glucose > 250 mg/dL
56
what is the first line treatment for DKA
FLUID REPLACEMENT
57
what are the complications for DKA
- AMI
- renal failure
- cerebral edema
58
like the nervous system, what other system is one of your body's main communicators
endocrine
59
why cant TSH bind to cells of the ovaries
because ovarian cells does not have TSH receptors
60
what hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of insulin like growth factors (IGF)
HGH (human growth hormone)
61
what hormone triggers ovulation
LH
62
what hormone:
- stimulates protein synthesis
- increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
- increase the breakdown of triglycerides
- enhance cholesterol excretion
thyroid hormones
63
where is the parathyroid gland located
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
64
what hormone is the major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood
PTH
65
what effect does cortisol have on the anti-inflammatory effects
inhibits WBC that participate in inflammatory response
66
what gland is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm
pineal gland
67
what type of surgeries is associated with postprandial hypoglycemia
GI surgeries
68
what is the blood glucose level in patients with diabetes
blood glucose >/ 126 mg/dL
69
what are lab findings that you will see on a urine dipstick in a patient with diabetes
glucosuria
70
what is the most common cause of an endemic goiter
iodine deficiency
71
what are signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
- cold intolerance
- constipation
- thin brittle nails
- thinning of the hair
72
how to treat hypothyroidism
levothyroxine (T4)
73
what are some signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
- tachycardia
- heat intolerance
- bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
- loose stools
- menstrual irregularities
74
what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
graves disease
75
what are complications if hypothyroidism
myxedema coma
76
what are signs and symptoms of toxic multi-nodular goiters
- LOOSE STOOLS
- sweating
- weight loss
- anxiety
- heat intolerance
- tachycardia
- tremor
77
when would you suggest malignancy in a thyroid nodule
- hoarseness
- nodules in men / young women
- nodules that are solitary, firm, large, and fixed to trachea
- enlarged lymph nodes
78
what is the imaging of choice for a thyroid nodule
ultrasound
79
what is the treatment for thyroid nodule malignant or not
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
80
how to treat adrenal crisis
hydrocortisone IV
81
what causes adrenal crisis
sudden withdrawal of adrenocortical hormones (prednisone) without proper taper
82
what are signs and symptoms of chronic adrenal insufficiency
- skin hyperpigmentation
- sparse axillary hair
83
what disease is associated with chronic adrenal insufficiency
addison's disease
84
what is the master gland of the body
pituitary gland
85
what medication cause gynecomastia
INH
86
what are the RED FLAGS of gynecomastia
- asymmetry
- density located away from sub-areolar region
- nipple retraction
- nipple bleeding / discharge
- unusual firmness
87
what labs to draw for gynecomastia
thyroid panel
88
what is hirsutism
hair on the face in females
89
what medical condition is associated with hirsutism
PCOS
90
what medication is given to a patient who has PCOS and is trying to have a baby
clomiphene
91
where to refer a patient with PCOS
OBGYN
92
how to treat hyperthyroidism
radioactive iodine
93
what medication is given for symptomatic relief of tachycardia, tremors, diaphoresis, and anxiety in patients with hyperthyroidism
beta blocker
94
what are signs and symptoms of PCOS
- menstrual disorders
- infertility
- acne
- obesity
- hirsutism
95
what are the lab value ratio of LH/FSH in a patient with PCOS
2:1 or 3:1
(this is what disrupts ovulation)
96
what is the first line treatment of PCOS?
if the first line of treatment does not work, what is the next treatment?
- diet and exercise
- metformin
97
what are signs and symptoms of hypogonadism
- fatigue
- decrease strength
- poor libido
98
what type of infection is a primary cause of hypogonadism
mumps orchitis
99
what is a secondary cause of hypogonadism associated with our population
use of opiates and steroids
100
what is an important lab to draw for a patient with hypogonadism
PSA
101
what is the treatment for gynecomastia if there are NO RED FLAGS
do nothing
