Endocrine Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are glands?
Specialised cell clusters or organs.
What are hormones?
Chemical substances secreted by glands in response to stimulation.
What are receptors?
Protein molecules that bind specifically with other molecules, such as hormones, to trigger specific physiologic changes in a target cell.
Name two types of oral hypoglycaemic agents.
Biguanides & sulphonylurea
What is the name of a biguanides?
Metformin
What is the gold standard drug for T2DM?
Metformin
Three actions of metformin?
Reduce hepatic glucose production, enhancing peripheral muscle glucose intake, slows down how quickly glucose is released from food.
Side effects of metformin
GI disturbances, metallic taste, B12 absorption reduced
Cautions of metformin
Renal, hepatic, heart problems
Considerations of metformin
Does not cause weight gain and may reduce appetite.
Two examples of Sulfonylurea
Glicazide & glimepirid
Actions of sulfonylurea
Increase Insulin released from pancreatic cells
What is the action of sulfonylureas?
Bind to receptor on Insulin on beta cells to stimulate insulin secretion.
Dosage of sulfonylurea
80mg/day single dose
Side effects of sulfonylurea
Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, rashes, rarely blood disorders.
Caution in sulfonylurea
Renal problems, breast feeding.
Why do we need insulin?
Beta cells declining may indicate the need for insulin
Indications of insulin
Inadequate response to oral agents, contraindications, acute hyperglycaemia, weight loss, pregnancy, poor healing
Dosage of insulin
0.5 -1.0 units/kg/day
Why may doses of insulin vary?
Weight, appetite, occupation, activity levels, blood glucose levels, degree of insulin resistance.
Name two forms of rapid acting insulin
Novorapid, humalog
Acting times of rapid acting insulin
Act within 10-15 minutes, peak at 60 minutes and acts for 2-4 hours.
When must rapid acting insulin be given and in combination with what?
Before a mea l and with intermediate acting insulin, long acting insulin or In combination with oral mess or insulin pumps
