Endocrine

Question 1

What are glands?

Answer 1

Specialised cell clusters or organs.

Question 2

What are hormones?

Answer 2

Chemical substances secreted by glands in response to stimulation.

Question 3

What are receptors?

Answer 3

Protein molecules that bind specifically with other molecules, such as hormones, to trigger specific physiologic changes in a target cell.

Question 4

Name two types of oral hypoglycaemic agents.

Answer 4

Biguanides & sulphonylurea

Question 5

What is the name of a biguanides?

Answer 5

Metformin

Question 6

What is the gold standard drug for T2DM?

Answer 6

Metformin

Question 7

Three actions of metformin?

Answer 7

Reduce hepatic glucose production, enhancing peripheral muscle glucose intake, slows down how quickly glucose is released from food.

Question 8

Side effects of metformin

Answer 8

GI disturbances, metallic taste, B12 absorption reduced

Question 9

Cautions of metformin

Answer 9

Renal, hepatic, heart problems

Question 10

Considerations of metformin

Answer 10

Does not cause weight gain and may reduce appetite.

Question 11

Two examples of Sulfonylurea

Answer 11

Glicazide & glimepirid

Question 12

Actions of sulfonylurea

Answer 12

Increase Insulin released from pancreatic cells

Question 13

What is the action of sulfonylureas?

Answer 13

Bind to receptor on Insulin on beta cells to stimulate insulin secretion.

Question 14

Dosage of sulfonylurea

Answer 14

80mg/day single dose

Question 15

Side effects of sulfonylurea

Answer 15

Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, rashes, rarely blood disorders.

Question 16

Caution in sulfonylurea

Answer 16

Renal problems, breast feeding.

Question 17

Why do we need insulin?

Answer 17

Beta cells declining may indicate the need for insulin

Question 18

Indications of insulin

Answer 18

Inadequate response to oral agents, contraindications, acute hyperglycaemia, weight loss, pregnancy, poor healing

Question 19

Dosage of insulin

Answer 19

0.5 -1.0 units/kg/day

Question 20

Why may doses of insulin vary?

Answer 20

Weight, appetite, occupation, activity levels, blood glucose levels, degree of insulin resistance.

Question 21

Name two forms of rapid acting insulin

Answer 21

Novorapid, humalog

Question 22

Acting times of rapid acting insulin

Answer 22

Act within 10-15 minutes, peak at 60 minutes and acts for 2-4 hours.

Question 23

When must rapid acting insulin be given and in combination with what?

Answer 23

Before a mea l and with intermediate acting insulin, long acting insulin or In combination with oral mess or insulin pumps