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MAP 3 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone

A
  1. elevation of metabolic rate
  2. stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism
  3. increased breakdown of free fatty acids and depletion of fat stores
  4. increase of protein breakdown
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2
Q

What are the systemic effects of the thyroid hormone

A
  1. increase HR
  2. increase RR
  3. increase CNS activity
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3
Q

What is hyperthyroidism known as?

A

Graves’ disease

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4
Q

What are seven effects of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. increase BMR
  2. heat intolerance w/ sweating
  3. increase appetite and weight loss
  4. rapid HR w/ arrhythmia
  5. Bounding pulse
  6. increase CNS stimulation including insomnia
  7. SNS response: tremor, anxiety
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5
Q

This is an effect of hypothyroidism that causes connective tissue to be separated by polysaccharides and proteins. Creating a boggy edema

A

Myxedema

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6
Q

What are the functions of HGH

A
  1. stimulates growth of bones, mm and organs by promoting protein synthesis
  2. promote breakdown of fat for energy use by synthesizes protein
  3. spares carbs causing increased glycogen stores
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7
Q

What 2 MSK conditions are common in those with excess HGH production?

A
  1. carpal tunnel syndrome (50%)

2. Back pain w/ osteophytes along ALL (50%)

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8
Q

What are the actions of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A
  1. stimulate extracellular fluid volume

2. stimulate renal reabsorption of sodium which causes an increase in fluid volume

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9
Q

What is another name for hypoadrenalism?

A

Addison’s Disease

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10
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone deficiency?

A

increase loss of Na and H2O in the urine causing plasma depletion; hyperkalemia with ventricular fibrillation

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11
Q

What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. control blood glucose
  2. essential in ability to withstand physiological stress
  3. cortisol
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12
Q

What are the metabolic effects of cortisol?

A

This is a catabolic hormone that promotes:

  1. protein breakdown
  2. gluconeogenesis from AA
  3. Glycogen Storage
  4. Mobilization of fat stores and preserve blood glucose
  5. Suppression of inflammation
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13
Q

What hormone secretes Cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

What is the condition that is named for excess cortisol secretion?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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15
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol secretion?

A
  1. Proximal mm weakness
  2. Skin atrophy
  3. poor wound healing
  4. osteoporosis
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16
Q

Catechoamines are hormones of what system?

A

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

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17
Q

What are the metabolic actions of catecholamines?

A

favor a rise in blood glucose

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18
Q

What are the systemic effects of catecholamines?

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A

HTN and tachycardia

19
Q

What are the fasting plasma glucose ranges considered to be pre-diabetic?

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A

> 100mg/dL and <126mg/dL

20
Q

What are some features of type 1 diabetes?

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A

Frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weight loss, extreme fatige

21
Q

Are individuals with type 2 diabetes at risk for ketoacidosis?

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A

No, because circulating insulin is present.

22
Q

What FPG levels are necessary for diagnosis of diabetes

23
Q

What is the preferred test for screening of DM?

24
Q

What disease are those with diabetes 2-3x more likely of developing?

Study These Flashcards
A

atherosclerotic disease

25
What is the microvascular complications of diabetes?
glycosylated end-products accumulate in basement membrane of any tissue causing proliferative inflammatory response.
26
What is the mechanism of retinopathy?
increase capillary permeability causing new vessel proliferation and loss of vision
27
What causes nephropathy?
increase blood flow to the kidneys causes glomerular damage with leakage of albumin and decreased GFR and increased creatinine and eventually kidney failure
28
What are three common signs of diabetes seen during systems review?
1. dehydration 2. autonomic neuropathy 3. vascular complications
29
What is the autonomic neuropathy sings associated with diabetes?
1. high resting HR | 2. orthostasis
30
what are the levels of ABI?
normal= .95-1.2 | mild PAD =
31
what is the target HbA1c level for those with diabetes
<7%
32
What are the three signs of peripheral neuropathy?
1. dysethesia 2. parasthesia 3. muscular symptoms
33
What is dysethesia?
abnormal sensation considering the stimulus (burning sensation, skin tingling, allodynia)
34
what is parasthesia
sensation without sitmulus (pins and needles, numbness, aching, shooting pain)
35
What are the intrinsic reasons for foot ulcers in diabetess patients.
1. neuropathy 2. vascular disease 3. callus and increase pressure
36
What is the greatest % of hospital admissions in diabetic patients?
Foot ulcers
37
What is autonomic neuropathy?
damage to the nerves that innervate bowel, bladder, heart, BP, GI and sweating
38
What is ketoacidosis?
occurs when there is not enough insulin. Body needs glucose for energy but insulin is not available for glucose metabolism. Body resorts to fat metabolism. byproduct of fat metabolism is ketones. ketones build up in blood making it acidotic.
39
what are the early signs of ketoacidosis?
thirst, dry mouth, frequent urination, high blood glucose levels, high urine ketone levels
40
what is the diabetic blood glucose level for after eating?
220-300 mg/dL
41
what is the diabetic blood glucose level for 2--3 hours after eating?
> 200 mg/dL
42
how fast does rapid acting insulin start to work?
15 min
43
how fast does intermediate acting insulin act in?
2-4 hours
44
how long does it take for long acting insulin take to start working?
3-4 hours and continues over 24 hours

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