Endocrine

Question 1

Gonagotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Answer 1

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 2

Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Answer 2

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 3

Somatostatin (SS)

Answer 3

(inhibits)

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 4

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Answer 4

Thuroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Question 5

Dopamine (DA)

Answer 5

(inhibits)

Prolactin

Question 6

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Answer 6

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 7

Hypothalamic Releasing Factors

Answer 7

Stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

GnRH

GHRH

TRH

CRH

Question 8

Hypothalamic Inhibitory Factor

Answer 8

Inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

SS

DA

Question 9

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 9

Primarily stores

Question 10

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 10

Primaily manufactures

Question 11

Oxytocin

Answer 11

Promotes uterine wall contraction for birth and milk “let down” during lactation

Question 12

Vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 12

Regulates blood volume and salt concentration via osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus

Question 13

Adenoma

Answer 13

Benign tumor

Question 14

Pituitary Apoplexy

Answer 14

Sudden hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary

Note: visual changes and headache

Question 15

Acromegaly

Answer 15

Excessive secretion of GH in adults…

Carpal Tunnel

OA

Headaches

Heart failure and hypertension

Renal failure

DM

Obstructive sleep apnea

Visual changes

Question 16

Giantism

Answer 16

Excessive secretion of GH in children

Question 17

Apnea

Answer 17

Cessation of airflow > 10 seconds

Question 18

Hypopnea

Answer 18

Decreased airflow > or = 10 seconds associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturation

Question 19

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 19

Posterior pituitary doesn’t secrete ADH (Neurogenic DI)

Insensitivity of kidney to ADH (Nephrogenic DI)

Question 20

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 20

Embryologically arises from the same tissue as sympathetic ganglia

Question 21

Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 21

Alpha receptors generally stimulatory

Beta receptors generally inhibitory

Exception: NE binding to beta-receptors of the heart is stimulatory

Question 22

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 22

Pituitary Cushing’s

ACTH-Dependent

Pituitary Adenoma - secretes ACTH

Question 23

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 23

Adrenal Cushing’s

ACTH-Independent

Adrenal Adenoma - secretes cortisol

Question 24

Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome Presentation

Answer 24

Central Obesity

Skin :(

Muscle Wasting

Hypertension (CAD)

Osteoporosis

Hyperglycemia (DM)

Question 25

Conn's Syndrome

Answer 25

Hyperaldosteronism Hypertension Hypokalemia (weakness and paralysis) Hypernatremia Fatigue

Question 26

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 26

Tumor of the adrenal medulla or extra0adrenal chromaffin tissue Tachycardia (palpitations) Hypertension Anxiety (panic attacks) Headaches Diaphoresis

Question 27

Addison's Disease

Answer 27

Failure to produce glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids (primarily autoimmune) Hypotension Fatiuge (muscle weakness) Hyperpigmentation of the skin Vomiting and Diarrhea Hypoglycemia

Question 28

RAAS

Answer 28

Angiotensinogen ... Angiotenin I ... Angiontensin II & Aldosterone: Increased Sympathetic Activity Na+ reabsorption K+ excretion Water Retention ADH

Question 29

Thyroid Gland

Answer 29

Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4) Both: Increase BMR Stimulate protein synthesis, Increase use of glucose for ATP production Increase use of fatty acids for ATP production

Question 30

Thyroid Target Organs

Answer 30

Cardiac Liver Skeletal Muscle Kidney Brain

Question 31

Hypothyroidism | (Common Signs and Symptoms)

Answer 31

Lethargy & Fatigue Bradycardia Edema Weight Gain Cold Intolerance Dry skin, Brittle Hair, & Finger nails Constipation Goiter

Question 32

Primary Hypothyroidism

Answer 32

Insufficient production of T3 and T4 | (Hashimoto's Thyroiditis)

Question 33

Secondary Hypothryoidism

Answer 33

Insufficient production of TSH from the pituitary

Question 34

Tertiary Hypothyroidism

Answer 34

Insufficient production of TRH from the hypothalamus

Question 35

Hyperthyroidism | (Common Signs and Symptoms)

Answer 35

Weight loss (increased appetite) Anxiety and Irritability Heat intolerance Fatigue and Weakness Palpitations, Tachycardia, and Dysrhythmias Hypertension Tremor Hypoglycemia, Polyuria, and Polydipsia Osteopenia

Question 36

Graves Disease

Answer 36

Hyperthyroidism Autoimmune Disease (thyroid autoantibodies activate the TSH-receptor ... increasing thryoid hormone) Bluging of the eye anteriorly