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Endocrine > Endocrine Anatomy (plus a wee bit of renal at the end) > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy (plus a wee bit of renal at the end) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main anatomical organs of the endocrine system

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
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2
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and the pituiatry

A

pituitary stalk

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pituitary gland

A 
pars anterior
pars intermedia
pars nervosa (post)
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4
Q

where is the pituitary in the skull

A

pituitary fossa

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5
Q

what are the features of the pars nervosa 3 and what do they secrete/ function

A
  1. pituicytes (supporting cells)
  2. unmyelinated nerve fibres: secrete oxytocin and anti-diuretic horomone (vasopressin) produced in the hypothalamus
  3. herring bodies (neurosecretory material)
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6
Q

features of the pars anterior 5 and what do they secrete 7

A
  1. numerous cells arranged in cords
  2. large capillaries sinusoids
  3. 2 cell types: chromophobes and chromophils
  4. chromophils secrete hormones: somatotrophin, thyrotropin tsh, FSH, LH, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin acth, melanocyte stimulating hormone
    (acidophils and basophils= chromophils)
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7
Q

pars intermedia features

A

poorly developed

may be producing minor sub unit stuff

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8
Q

colouring of pars anterior versus pars nervosa

A

pars anterior= dark red

pars nervosa= pink

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9
Q

what is the blood supply to pituitary

A

superior and inferior hypophysial arteries from internal carotid

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10
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence the pituitary nervosa

A

hormones secreted onto hypot cause nerve transmission to pituitary causing pit to release (hypot neurones)

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11
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence the pit anterior

A

hypothalamus communicates with anterior pit via pituitary blood vessels through producing hormones that stimulating/ inhibiting hormone release from pit

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12
Q

features of the thyroid

A

below adams apple or laryngeal prominence

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13
Q

what joins the right and left lobes of the larynx

A

the isthmus

covered in a connective capsule with blood carried into gland via septa from capsule

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14
Q

what 2 types of cells does the thyroid have and shape/secretion

A
  1. follicular cells: simple cuboidal epithelium lining a central colloid (thyroglobulin) filled lumen
  2. parafollicular cells ie between follicles that secrete calcitonin to reduce blood plasma calcium levels
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15
Q

blood supply to the thyroid and veins and their supplies

A

superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian artery
superior thyroid veins= internal jugular vein
middle thryoid veins= internal jugular veins
inferior thyroid veins= left braciocephalic vein

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16
Q

histology of parathyroid glands and cell secretion

A
  1. 4 embedded in back of thyroid
  2. slender capsule- septa carry blood vessels into gland
  3. 2 cell types chief cells and oxyphil cells
  4. chief cells secrete PTH and increase blood plasma calcium levels
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17
Q

blood supply for parathyroid and veins

A

superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian
superior thyroid vein= internal jug
middle thyroid vein=internal jug
inferior thyroid vein= left braciocephalic vein

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18
Q

histology of the pancreas cells and secretion

A 
exocrine and endocrine (hormones)
endocrine: islet of langerhans
A cells 20%- glucagon
B cells- Insulin 70%
D cells- somatostatin 5-10%
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19
Q

pancreas blood supply

A

head: superior pancreaticduodenal- gastroduodenal and inferior pancreaticduodenal artery from SMA
neck: splenic artery
body: splenic artery
tail: splenic artery: cephalic trunk

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20
Q

pancreas venous supply

A

body and neck: splenic vein
head: superior mesenteric vein and portal vein

all goes to hepatic portal system though

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21
Q

exocrine function pancreas

A

pancreatic juices for digestion eg lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin

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22
Q

location of the kidneys

A

abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
posterior abdominal wall
vertebral levels t12 to l3

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23
Q

order perienphric fat, paranephric fat, renal fascia and kidney capsule from in to out

A

kidney capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat

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24
Q

what are the main anatomical features of the kidney outside

A 
suprarenal gland on top
superior pole
lateral and medial margin
hilum 
ureter
inferior pole
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25
what 3 features are in the hilum
renal pelvis renal artery renal vein
26
what are the main anatomical features of the kidney inside
``` pyramids in renal medula renal column renal cortex renal papilla renal sinus renal pelvis ```
27
blood supply drainage of the kidney
renal arteries direct off abominal aorta, right longer then left as travels under ivc drains into renal veins into IVC, left longer as cross anterior over aa
28
what is the endocrine component of the kidney called
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
29
what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
specialisation of the glomerular afferent arteriole and distal covoluted tubule regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system RAAS
30
what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular appartus
1. macula densa of the dct 2. juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
31
what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete
renin
32
draw a nephron
``` glomerulus bowman's capsule efferent and afferent arteriole macula densa on dct juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole extraglomerular mesangial cells loop of henle vasa recta proximal convoluted tubule distal covoluted tubule collecting tubule cross over cortex and medulla ```
33
3 arterial supply to suprarenal glands and where they arise from
1. superior suprarenal arteries: inferior phrenic arteries 2. middle supraarenal arteries: abdominal aorta 3. inferior suprarenal arteries: renal arteries
34
venous drainage of suprarenal glands
``` right= vena cava left= into left renal vein ```
35
structure of suprarenal gland
capsule outer cortex inner medulla central vein
36
3 parts of the cortex and what they produce
1. zona glomerulosa: aldolsterone 2. zona fasiculata: cortisol 3. zona reticularis: androgens
37
what does the medulla produce
adrenaline and noradrenaline controls sympathetic system
38
anatomical features of the testes
ductus deferens: transports sperm to ejaculatory duct epididymis body and tail and head testis seminiferous tubules: produce sperm rete testis in mediastinum testis lead to efferent ductules into epididymis
39
order of sperm
``` seminiferous tubules rete testis efferent ductules epididimis head body tail ductus deferens ejaculatory duct ```
40
what is the blood supply and drainage of the testis and their supply
gonadal testicular arteries from abdominal aorta L2 paminiform plexus of veins drains epidymis and tesits -right testicular vein drains into ivc -left drains into renal vein
41
what 2 cells are in the seminiferous tubules and what are their function and what do they look like
1. germ cells ( sperm in various stages of development)- 2. sertoli cells (supporting cells)- large pale nuclei 3. leydig cells (endocrine function produce testosterone under pituitary and interstitial cell stimulating hormone icsh )
42
female reproductive anatomy
- ovary - ligament of ovary - uterine tube - deep inguinal ring - round ligament of uterus - superficial inguinal ring - bladder - uterus - vagina
43
blood supply to ovaries
arterial: ovarian arteries at l2 | venous- right into ivc and left into renal vein
44
histology of ovaries
fallopian tube blood vessels degenerating corpus luteum medulla
45
what produces what in ovaries and in what phase
-follicles in different stages secrete oestrogen up to ovulation=follicular phase then ovulation then -corpus luteum secretes progesterone and oestrogen in luteal phase
46
what is the uterus and what is its normal position
a muscular organ sits between the bladder and rectum | anteverted and anteflexed
47
label a uterus
``` fundus uterine tube body cervix then vagina anterior fornix and posteior internal and external os ```
48
what does anteverted anteflexed mean
axis of vagina and uterus should be anteflexed and | axis of cervix and vagina should be anteverted
49
blood supply to uterus
uterine artery and vein from internal iliacs
50
histology 3 parts of uterus and features
1. endometrium: rich in glands, sheds, 2. myometrium: smooth muscle layer 3. serosa: outer layer
51
2 endometrium layers
stratum functionalis s and c | stratum basalis
52
difference early and late secretory uterus
``` early -glands in endometrium become coiled cork screw in late secretory uterus -endometrial doubles in thickness -stratum b stays consistent -glands increase in size late secretion -reduction in progesterone leads to iscemia -shed lining ```
53
the placenta function
formed from elements surrounding the fetus and the uterine endometrium physiological exchange of faseous, excretion, hormone and metabolics
54
important hormone to placenta is...
the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone hCG secreted by trophoblast cells in early pregnancy that stimulates production of progesterone to prevent corpus luteum degerating
55
what is the luteal-placental shift
at 8 weeks placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum needed to inhibit contractions
56
what ribs are the kidneys under
ribs 11 and 12
57
arteries in the kidney 2
interlobular arteries | arcuate arteries
58
what is a nephron
functional unit forms urine | 1-2 million each kidney
59
filtered blood travel through nephrons order | ie not renal artery
1. proximal 2. loop of henle 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. straight collecting duct 5. main collecting duct
60
blood flow through the kidneys
``` renal artery afferent glomerulus efferent capillary network renal vein ```
61
three sites of constriction to the ureters
1. uteropelvic junction 2. pelvic inlet 3. entrance to the bladder
62
main muscle of the bladder
detrusor muscle
63
arterial supply to the ureters 3 and venous 2
renal arteries gonadal arteries abdominal aorta ureter veins drain into renal vein and gonadal
64
anatomical features bladder
``` ureter trigone internal urethral orifice fundus neck ```
65
blood supply to the bladder 2
internal iliac 2 branches 1. superior vesical arteries (ant and sup) 2. inferior vesical arteries (fundus and neck) 3. vaginal arteries in females
66
difference in male and female urethra
males=20cm long 3 parts: prostatic, membranous, spongy females=3-4cm long, terminates at clitoris and vaginal opening external urethral orifice

Endocrine (14 decks)

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