- A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus - A reflex arc describes the pathway of an electrical impulse in response to a stimulus; - A relay neurone are found in the spinal cord, connecting sensory neurone to motor neurone; - Neurone do not connect directly with each other: there is a gap called a synapse. - The sequence of events is - stimulus (pain point) - receptors (pain receptors skin) - coordinators (spinal cord) - effector (muscle) - response (contraction of muscle)

- one axon - multiple dendrites extending from cell body - most common, in brain and spinal cord - motor neurones

- one axon - one dendrite - branches at both ends - occur in eye, ears, nose - take impulses from receptors to other neurone

- one extension, and axon - cell body to one side of the axon - sensory neurones, bring impulse to spine

- balance - posture - cardiac, respiratory , and vasomotor centres

- Moods and motivation - Sexual maturation - Temperature regulation - Hormonal body processes

- Hormonal body processes - Physical maturation - Growth (height and form) - Sexual maturation - Sexual functioning

- Balance - Posture - Cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centres

- Motor and sensory pathway to body and face - Vital centers: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor

Endocrine and nervous Flashcards by Alice Carter

NERVE IMPULSES

NERVE TRANSMISSION

Sodium and potassium cause weak electrical charge across the membrane of the neurone (resting potential), the membrane is said to be polarised.
When the neurone is stimulated the action of the sodium and potassium in the membrane pump is interrupted.
This changes the permeability of the membrane. That allows the sodium to flood into the cell and the potassium to leak out.
This reverse electrical charge across the membrane (action potential) - t=he cell membrane is said to be depolarised.
depolarisation down nerve fibre in small steps - nerve impulses as soon as the nerve impulses pass, membrane pumps are re-activated and resting potential restored.
myelinated fibres impulses jumps from node to node - saltatory conduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NERVE IMPULSES

MYELINATED / UN-MYELINATED

Myelinated neurones - have myelin sheath and use saltatory conduction
Myelin - white phospholipid covering around an axon
Nodes of Ranvier - in the myelin covering
Saltatory conduction - allows for faster conduction of a nerve impulse because impulses jump from node to node
Unmyelinated neurons - do not have the myelin sheath and use continuous conduction
Continuous conduction - slower conduction of the nerve impulse because it must travel down the entire length of the neurone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

REFLEX ARC

A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus
A reflex arc describes the pathway of an electrical impulse in response to a stimulus;
A relay neurone are found in the spinal cord, connecting sensory neurone to motor neurone;
Neurone do not connect directly with each other: there is a gap called a synapse.
The sequence of events is - stimulus (pain point) - receptors (pain receptors skin) - coordinators (spinal cord) - effector (muscle) - response (contraction of muscle)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RECEPTORS

NEURONE

a basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RECEPTORS

MULTIPOLAR

one axon
multiple dendrites extending from cell body
most common, in brain and spinal cord
motor neurones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RECEPTORS

BIPOLAR

one axon
one dendrite
branches at both ends
occur in eye, ears, nose
take impulses from receptors to other neurone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RECEPTORS

UNIPOLAR

one extension, and axon
cell body to one side of the axon
sensory neurones, bring impulse to spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

CEREBRUM

balance
posture
cardiac, respiratory , and vasomotor centres

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

CORPUS CALLOSUM

communication between the left and right side of the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

HYPOTHALAMUS

Moods and motivation
Sexual maturation
Temperature regulation
Hormonal body processes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

PITURITY GLAND

Hormonal body processes
Physical maturation
Growth (height and form)
Sexual maturation
Sexual functioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Controls heartbeat and breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

CEREBELLUM

Balance
Posture
Cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centres

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

BRAIN STEM

Motor and sensory pathway to body and face

- Vital centers: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

HIPPOCAMPUS

Memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

THALAMUS

Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

PONS

relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, controls arousal and regulates respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BRAIN

CEREBRAL CORTEX

outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere that is grey matter.
Cortices are asymmetrical.
Both hemispheres are able to analyse sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, form thoughts and make decisions.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NEROUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN received and processes sensory info, response, stores memories, generates thoughts
SPINAL CORD conducts signals to and from the brain, control relfex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

outside of the body, sensory receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NERVOUS SYSTEM

MOTOR AND SENSORY NEURONES

Study These Flashcards

MOTOR - CNS to muscles to glands

SENSORY - sensory organs to CNS

NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Study These Flashcards

controls voluntary movements

NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Study These Flashcards

Involuntary
Maintains homeostatic balance
Carries nerve impulses to involuntary glands and internal organs
Sympathetic (fight/flight) or parasympathetic (normal body functioning)
Consists of 2 neurones from efferent chain (pre/post ganglionic neurones)

NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Study These Flashcards

enables the body’s response to stress - take out if homeostatic balance
Arise with spinal nerves in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spine
Neurotransmitter is Noradrenaline

NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPETHEIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- involved with normal body functioning (maintain homeostatic balance) - Arise with cranial nerves from the brain and spinal nerves in sacral region of the spine. (Cranio-sacral out flow) - Neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine (ACH)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe FOLLICLE-STIMULATING (FSH)

- Target organ - ovaries (female), testes (males) | - main effect - follicle growth (female), sperm production (male)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe LUTEINISING (LH)

- TO - ovaries (female), testes (male) | - ME - ovulation and uterus maintenance ( female), testosterone secretion (male)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

- TO - All cells | - ME - growth and protein synthesist

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe THYROID-STIMULATING (TSH)

- TO - thyroid gland | - ME - secretion of hormone from the thyroid

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)

- TO - adrenal gland | - ME - secretion of hormone from adrenal cortex

ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary Gland - Anterier Lobe PROLACTIN (PRL)

- TO - mammary glands | - ME - milk production

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Antidiuretic (ADH)

- TO - kidneys | - ME - reabsorption of water

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Oxytocin (OT)

- TO - uterus and mammary glands | - ME - contractions of uterus dusting birth, erase of milt in mammary gland

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Thyroxin

- Gland - Thyroid - Target cell - most cells - Main effect - increase metabolic rate & oxygen consumption & heat production

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Parathyroid hormone

- G - parathyroid - TC - bones and kidneys - ME - increase level of calcium in blood

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Thymosin

- G - thymus - TC - t lymphocytes - ME - stimulates development & maturation of t lymphocytes

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Aldosterone

- G - Adrenal cortex - TC - kidney - ME - increase reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ion

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Cortisol

- G - adrenal cortex - TC - most cells - ME - promotes normal metabolism, helps body deal with stress, repair damage of tissue

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Adrenaline & noradrenaline

- G - adrenal medulla - TC - most tissues - ME - prepares the body for flight/fight, reinforces the effect of SNS

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Insulin

- G - pancreas - TC - most cells - ME - stimulates uptake of glucose, lowers blood sugar levels

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Glycogen

- G - pancreas - TC - liver and fat storage tissue - ME - stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat, increase BSL

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Androgens

- G - testes - TC - many tissue - ME - sperm production, growth of skeleton and muscles, male sex characteristic

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Oestrogen

- G - ovaries - TC - many tissue - ME - menstrual cycle, sex characteristic

ENDOCRINE GLAND Posterior Lobe of pituitary gland Progesterone

- G - ovaries - TC - untrue sand mammary gland - ME - menstrual cycle & pregnancy, prepares for lactation (breast milk)

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Nature of message

NS - Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters | ES - hormones

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Transport of messages

NS - along the membrane of neurones | ES - by the blood stream

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Cells affected

NS - muscle and glands; other neurones | ES - all body cells

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Type of response

NS - usually local and specific | ES - may be very general and widespread

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Time Taken to respond

NS - rapid - within millisecond | ES - slower - from seconds to day

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Duration of response

NS - brief - stops quickly when the stimulus stops | ES - longer lasting - may continue long after stimulus has stopped

NERVOUS SYSTEM

- place where incoming messages are processed and where outgoing messages to the PNS are sent - Nerves make up the PNS - PROTECTION - bone (brain), membrane called menininges (protective covering if all CNS) a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)(shock absorber) - splits into the CNS, PNS, SNS, ANS, Sympathetic/ parasymathetic

Endocrine and nervous Flashcards

(51 cards)