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A & P > Endocrine, Blood, Lymph > Flashcards

Endocrine, Blood, Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones with the words releasing (R) or inhibiting (I) are synthesized and originate from the ________.

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

The receptor for a hydrophobic steroid hormone is________________________.

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

Where are receptors for hydrophilic amine hormones?

A

On the plasma membrane and functions through a secondary messenger

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4
Q

The hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and targets the adrenal gland cortex. Which of the following corticosteroids (hormones made in the adrenal cortex) targets the kidney for the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and secretion of potassium?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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5
Q

The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by the heart and targets smooth muscles in the arteries, and the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. This specific hormone causes _____________.

A

K+ to be reabsorbed in the kidney, and Na+ to be secreted into the urine

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6
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and targets the smooth muscle in the arteries to cause _________.

A

Systemic vasoconstriction and increase systemic blood pressure

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7
Q

Oxytocin (OT) synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary targets ________.

A

the uterus in females to cause smooth muscle contraction during childbirth

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8
Q

In order to increase target cell activation by a hormone, the cell can upregulate (increase the number) of _____________.

A

Receptors

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9
Q

_____________ is a failure of the adrenal cortex to synthesize aldosterone and cortisol.

A

Addison’s Disease

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10
Q

Renin secreted by the kidney in response to low blood pressure triggers _______________.

A

RAS (renin-Angiotensin System/Mechanism) to make Angiotensin II that increases systemic blood pressure, and stimulates secretion of aldosterone to reabsorb more Na+

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11
Q

The three steps of hemostasis are _________.

A
  1. vascular spasm.
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
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12
Q

If a blood sample agglutinates when tested with anti-B antibodies, then ________

A

The B antigen is present and the blood type is B

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13
Q

If an individual with blood type B receives blood from a donor with blood type O, then _______.

A

There will be no transfusion reaction because O is the universal donor

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14
Q

The maximum number of O2 molecules that can be carried on one hemoglobin molecule is

A

4

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15
Q

The formation of Prothrombin Activator is a critical step during the series of reactions that occur during _____________.

A

Coagulation

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16
Q

_________ are leukocytes that specifically target bacteria.

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

T-calls and B- calls are specific to ____________.

A

adaptive/specific immunity

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18
Q

Antibodies are produced by plasma cells that are derived from _______________.

A

B-cells

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?
a. Mucous membranes
b. fever
c. antibodies
d. skin surface

A

c. antibodies

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20
Q

Cytokines are ______________________.
a. chemicals produced by immune cells that cause apoptosis
b. chemicals produced by viruses that cause autoimmune disorders
c. chemicals produced by immune cells that allow communication
d. chemicals produced by bacteria that cause inflammation

A

C. chemicals produced by immune cells that allow communication

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21
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

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22
Q

What are the 3 eradication mechanisms conducted by antibodies?

A

neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation

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23
Q

Which of the following is classified under active immunity that is naturally acquired?
a. immunity has no memory
b. immunity that is passed from the mother to the fetus
c. immunity that occurs from a vaccination
d. immunity that occurs from a bacterial or viral infection

A

Immunity that occurs from a bacterial or viral infection

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24
Q

When immunity is passed from the mother to the fetus, it is then __________________.

A

Passive immunity

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25
Q

What chemical is released during an allergic reaction that can lead to vasodilation causing significant angioedema?

A

Histamine

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26
Q
  1. Where is Growth Hormone (GH) produced?
    2.What does it target?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Liver, skeletal muscles, long bones
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27
Q
  1. Where is prolactin (PRL) produced?
  2. What does it stimulate?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Milk production
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28
Q
  1. Where is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) produced?
  2. What does it target?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Follicle development in ovaries OR sperm development by the testes.
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29
Q
  1. Where is Luteinizing hormone (LH) produced?
  2. What does it trigger?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Ovulation/Testosterone
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30
Q
  1. Where is Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) produced?
  2. What does it influence?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Growth and activity of thyroid gland
31
Q
  1. Where is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced?
  2. What does it regulate?
A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. endocrine activity on Adrenal cortex
32
Q
  1. Where is Oxytocin (OT) stored?
  2. What does it target?
A
  1. Posterior Pituitary
  2. Uterus, epididymis, mammary glands
33
Q
  1. Where is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?
  2. What does it target & cause?
A
  1. Posterior Pituitary
  2. Kidney & increase in BP
34
Q
  1. What two hormones does the pancreas produce?
  2. Which type of cells produces each?
A
  1. Insulin produced by beta cells
  2. Glucagon produced by alpha cells
35
Q
  1. Where is Aldosterone produced?
  2. What does it increase?
A
  1. Adrenal Cortex
  2. Blood volume
36
Q
  1. Where is Cortisol produced?
  2. What are its effects?
A
  1. Adrenal Cortex
  2. Helps resist stress & increases blood glucose
37
Q

Where are androgens and estrogens produced?

A

Adrenal Cortex

38
Q

Adrenal Medulla produces what specific catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, Epinephrine, and NorEpinephrine

39
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidneys?

A

Renin

40
Q

1.What does the release of Renin activate?
2. When does the kidney produce it?

A
  1. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
  2. Drop in blood pressure in the kidneys
41
Q
  1. What does the Renin-Angiotensin (RAS) system make?
  2. And what does that stimulate?
A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
42
Q

If the kidneys detected a drop in BP, what would system is triggered?

A

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

43
Q

What is hormone is produced in the heart?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

44
Q

What is Aldosterone’s antagonist?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

45
Q

The release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) influences what?

A

Blood pressure. It decreases BP by reabsorbing K+ and secreting Na+ into urine to PEE out.

46
Q

Ovaries produce what two hormones?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

47
Q
  1. Testes produce what hormones?
  2. Which specifically is most important?
A

Androgens & Testosterone

48
Q

Thyroxine (T3), Triiodothyronine (T4) and Calcitonin are produced where?

A

Thyroid

49
Q

Explain calcitonin’s effect on Calcium Homeostasis

A

“Puts calcium IN to bone”. Decreases calcium levels in blood

50
Q

What is the effect of Parathyroid Hormone?

A

Pulls calcium into the blood by stimulating osteoclasts on the bone.
aka. pulls calcium from bone to correct low calcium blood levels

51
Q

What is the only hormone that DECREASES blood pressure?

A

ANP

52
Q

What hormone imbalance results in exophthalmos (bulging eyes), increased heart rate, increased BP, and heightened metabolic rate ?

A

Graves disease
aka. Hyperthyroid

53
Q

What is the major contributing factor to blood viscosity?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

54
Q

How many Oxygen can be transported per hemoglobin?

A

4

55
Q

What is it called when O2 loads onto hemoglobin in the lungs?

A

oxyhemoglobin

56
Q

What is it called when O2 unloads off the hemoglobin into the tissues?

A

deoxyhemoglobin

57
Q

What is it called when CO2 loads onto the hemoglobin in tissues?

A

carbaminohemoglobin

58
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia/hypoxemia?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

59
Q

What is the stem cell for ALL blood cells?

A

Hemocytoblast

60
Q

What results when a person is not able to produce intrinsic factor, there for cannot absorb B12?

A

Pernicious anemia

61
Q

Neutrophils fight against ________.

A

Bacteria

62
Q

Eosinophil fight ________.

A

Parasites

63
Q

Basophil fight against _____________

A

Basophil

64
Q

The three steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet Plug formation
  3. Coagulation
65
Q

A clot that develops and stays in the blood vessel, causes a blockage, and can result in tissue death

A

Thrombus

66
Q

Thrombus floating in blood stream

A

Embolus

67
Q

What are the three tonsils called?

A
  1. Palatine (back of mouth)
  2. Pharyngeal (nasopharynx)
  3. Lingual (posterior tongue)
68
Q

Where do lymphocytes migrate to arise as T-cells?

A

Thymus gland

69
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate/specific and Adaptive/nonspecific

70
Q

What is your first line of defense in relation to the immune system?

A

Skin and Mucous membranes

71
Q

What is your second line of defense in relation to the immune system?

A

Cells and Chemicals

72
Q

What are the five cells/chemicals that fall within the innate immune system?

A
  1. Natural Killers
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Chemicals that kill pathogens (complement & interferons)
  4. Faver
  5. Phagocytes
73
Q

Aggressive lymphocytes that kill cancer cells, viruses, etc.

A

Natural Killer Cells

74
Q
A

A & P (3 decks)

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