Endocrine (E1-E4)

Question 1

This is an endocrine gland that secretes a plethora of hormones that regulate homeostasis; works in concert with input from the brain (hypothalamus) to coordinate many of the body’s endocrine organs

Answer 1

pituitary gland

Question 2

Blood supply to the pituitary is from these 2 sources

Answer 2

Circle of Willis and internal carotid arteries

Question 3

what is the other name for the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 3

adenohypophysis

Question 4

this part of the pituitary originates from an up-growth of the oral cavity (Rathke’s pouch) and secretes several hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, and GH)

Answer 4

anterior pituitary gland

Question 5

this part of the pituitary originates from a down growth of neural secretory tissue from the hypothalamic floor and releases oxytocin and vasopressin

Answer 5

posterior pituitary

Question 6

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes Growth Hormone (GH) (40-50%)

Answer 6

somatotropes

Question 7

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes ACTH (10-20%)

Answer 7

corticotropes

Question 8

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes TSH (5%)

Answer 8

thyrotropes

Question 9

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH (5-20%)

Answer 9

gonadotropes

Question 10

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes prolactin (10-30%)

Answer 10

lactotropes

Question 11

this hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to regulate body fluid homeostasis by affecting water reabsorption

Answer 11

vasopressin

Question 12

this hormone has direct and indirect actions on growth; protein, carb and fat metabolism; has rapid catabolic actions and slow anabolic effects

Answer 12

growth hormone

Question 13

Growth Hormone deficiency can lead to this which results from enlargement of Rathke’s pouch or hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary
-animal initially retains puppy coat then develops bilateral symmetrical alopecia/progressive hyperpigmentation

Answer 13

pituitary dwarfism

Question 14

Growth Hormone excess can lead to this condition which can be due to excess GH production by a pituitary adenoma (cats) or progesterone-induced production of GH by hyperplastic epithelium of mammary glands (dogs)

Answer 14

acromegaly

Question 15

Blood supply to the adrenal glands comes from branches of these 2 arteries and the aorta

Answer 15

phrenic and renal arteries

Question 16

this is the inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Answer 16

adrenal medulla

Question 17

this is the outer part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones

Answer 17

adrenal cortex

Question 18

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 18

zona glomerulosa (ZG), zona fasciculata (ZF), zona reticularis (ZR)

Question 19

what is the main product secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 19

aldosterone

Question 20

what is the main product secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 20

glucocorticoids

Question 21

what is the main product secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 21

sex hormones

Question 22

what are the three catecholamines?

Answer 22

adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine

Question 23

these are released as part of the “fight or flight” response to stress initiated in the hypothalamus and brain stem

Answer 23

catecholamines

Question 24

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: increased HR, cardiac output, and cardiac contractibility

Answer 24

Beta 1

Question 25

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: selective arteriolar vasoconstriction and increased systolic BP

Answer 25

Alpha

Question 26

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: vasodilatory effects

Answer 26

Beta 2

Question 27

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex with predominate effects on Na+ and K+ excretion; 21-carbon derivatives of cholesterol; ex: aldosterone

Answer 27

mineralocorticoids

Question 28

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex with predominate effects on glucose and protein metabolism; 21-carbon derivatives of cholesterol; ex: cortisol and corticosterone

Answer 28

glucocorticoids

Question 29

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex are 19-carbomn derivatives of cholesterol; ex: DHEA and androstenedione

Answer 29

androgenic steroids

Question 30

these hormones produced by the adrenal cortex play a role in intermediary metabolism to maintain blood glucose levels, are essential for life, and maintain vascular tone

Answer 30

glucocorticoids

Question 31

this hormone produced by the adrenal cortex increases reabsorption of Na+ from the urine, saliva & colon contents; primary role is ECF volume maintenance

Answer 31

aldosterone

Question 32

these hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are important for peripheral conversion to testosterone

Answer 32

adrenal androgens

Question 33

this hormone regulates glucocorticoid secretion (increases GC release) and GCs inhibit its release

Answer 33

ACTH

Question 34

secretion of this by the adrenal cortex is regulated to a degree by ACTH but more importantly by renin (via angiotensin II and plasma potassium concentration) (RAAS)

Answer 34

aldosterone

Question 35

this condition is a primary immune-mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex, most common in middle-aged female poodle, NOT common in cats aka Addison's-like disease

Answer 35

hypoadrenocorticism

Question 36

these glands develop from endoderm associated with the pharyngeal gut, they descend to their final location in the anterior part of the neck (lying on either side of the trachea)

Answer 36

thyroid glands

Question 37

the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by this narrow body (humans, sheep, residual in horse)

Answer 37

isthmus

Question 38

this is the precursor to thyroid hormone that fills the center of each follicle in the thyroid gland

Answer 38

colloid

Question 39

the 4 parathyroid glands that are closely associated with the thyroid glands secrete this hormone

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 40

the 4 parathyroid glands receive blood supply from this artery

Answer 40

thyrocervical arteries

Question 41

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to decreased this in the blood (and functions to preserve normal blood levels of it)

Answer 41

calcium (and phosphate)

Question 42

this hormone is released by parafollicular or C cells nestled between thyroid gland follicles and decreases extracellular calcium concentration

Answer 42

Calcitonin hormone

Question 43

thyroid hormones are generated from these 2 molecules

Answer 43

tyrosines and iodide

Question 44

this is an enzyme that controls thyroid hormone synthesis

Answer 44

thyroid peroxidase

Question 45

what are the two principal thyroid hormones?

Answer 45

thyroxine (T4) and triiodotyronine (T3)

Question 46

the rate of synthesis and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by the level of this hormone (which is released by the anterior pituitary)

Answer 46

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 47

the anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to stimulation by this hormone

Answer 47

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 48

this thyroid hormone is responsible for most of the actions of the thyroid and has a very short half-life (<1 day)

Answer 48

T3

Question 49

this thyroid hormone is the principle hormone secreted by the thyroid glands but exerts little action of its own, and has a 7 day half-life

Answer 49

T4

Question 50

this condition is failure to produce thyroid hormones; leads to decreases MR (weight gain), low body temp, slower HR, lethargy, etc

Answer 50

hypothyroidism

Question 51

this condition is when there is over production of thyroid hormones; it leads to increased MR (weight loss), increased appetite, high HR, skeletal muscle weakness, etc

Answer 51

hyperthyroidism

Question 52

which lobe of the pancreas lies close to the descending duodenum?

Answer 52

right lobe

Question 53

which lobe of the pancreas extends over the caudal surface of the stomach?

Answer 53

left lobe

Question 54

this type of pancreas tissue functions as a large gland and consists of acini and associated ducts

Answer 54

exocrine

Question 55

this type of pancreas tissue produces hormones in the Islets of Langerhans that are secreted into the blood stream

Answer 55

endocrine

Question 56

a lack of insulin or impaired action of insulin can lead to this condition

Answer 56

diabetes mellitus

Question 57

these cells in the islets of Langerhans are the most abundant and produce insulin

Answer 57

beta cells

Question 58

this is a large polypeptide produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, has the opposite effect of insulin (increases glucose availability for organs); released in response to low blood glucose levels

Answer 58

glucagon

Question 59

this is a short polypeptide with a short half life produced by the delta cells in the islets of Langerhans and in the hypothalamus; suppresses GH secretion; released in response to increased blood glucose levels

Answer 59

somatostatin

Question 60

this hormone promotes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and amino acid uptake ; and inhibits GNG in the liver and glycogenolysis

Answer 60

insulin

Question 61

this type of diabetes mellitus is due to insufficient insulin secretion leading to a complete lack of insulin (insulin-dependent, DDM)

Answer 61

type 1

Question 62

this type of diabetes mellitus develops as a result of insulin resistance in the body, lack of appropriate response to insulin by target tissues (non insulin-dependent, NIDDM)

Answer 62

type 2

Question 63

this condition occurs when target tissues fail to respond appropriately to insulin, so the insulin demand of the body rises & blood insulin levels are elevated (blood glucose levels eventually become elevated as beta cells become exhausted)

Answer 63

hyperinsulinaemia

Question 64

this condition is when there are tumors on insulin secreting islet cells causing them to produce increased levels of insulin leading to hypoglycemia

Answer 64

insulinoma