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Endocrine FA 2016 306-310 > Endocrine FA 306-310 and neuro > Flashcards

Endocrine FA 306-310 and neuro Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what is the site of a lingual thyroid?

A

Tongue

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2
Q

what is thyrogolssal duct cyst?

A

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

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3
Q

mass located on the anterior border of the sternodocladomasotid muscle is from what embryonic derivative?

A

2-4 cleft form temporal cervical sinus of brachial cleft cyst

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4
Q

bonus: what develops from the first cleft?

A

Ext Auditory meatus

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5
Q

thyroid tissue is derived from

A

endoderm

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6
Q

C cells are derived from

A

Neural crest.

Note C-Cells is also called parafollicular cells

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7
Q

Name the layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticularis (GFR)

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8
Q

what part in the endocrine system is chromatin cells from?

A

adrenal medulla (neural crest)

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9
Q

what are the primary Regulatory control of Glomerulosa

A

RAS

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10
Q

what is the secretory product of the glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

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11
Q

what are the primary regulatory control of the fasiculata and reticularis

A

ACTH, CRH

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12
Q

secretory product of fasiculata

A

cortisol

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13
Q

secretory product of reticularis

A

Androgens

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) is from what embryonic origin

A

surface/oral ectoderm

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15
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from

A

neuroectoderm

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16
Q

list all the ant pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PiG & B(basophils)-FLAT ( pg 307 FA 2016)

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17
Q

alpha subunit hormones is common to

A

FSH, LH, TSH & HCG

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18
Q

B-subunit determines which of the following?

sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV

A

Specificity

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19
Q

Vasopressin (AKA ADH) is made from what nucleus in the brain?

A

SupraOptic nuclei

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20
Q

Oxytocin is made from what nucleus in the brain?

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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21
Q

what cell types are in the ISLet of Langerhans and what do they secret?

A 
Alpha= glucagon (periphery)
Beta= insulin (central) inside
delta= somatostatin (interspersed)
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22
Q

where does synthesis of insulin occur?

A

RER

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23
Q

what relationship between Insulin and C-peptide?

A

C-Peptide is increased in endogenous insulin production not exogenous

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24
Q

Name two scenarios in which insulin and C-peptide are increased

A

Insulinoma & Sulfornureas Use

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25
Exogenous insulin have Cpeptide, True or False
false only endogenous
26
what receptor does insulin bind to?
tyrosine kinase receptor
27
what kind of transport is needed for inducing glucose uptake into insulin dependent tissues?
Carrier mediated
28
List all functions of insulin
``` increase glucose uptake into skeletal and adipose tissue increase glycogen storage and synthesis increase triglyceride synthesis increase Na+ retention in kidneys increase protein synthesis increase cellular uptake of K+ & amino acid decrease glucagon release decrease lipolysis ```
29
does insulin cross the placenta?
No only glucose
30
what are the insulin independent transporters and list examples.
GLUT 1- RBC, Brain cornea placenta GLUT2- small intestine, Beta pancreatic cells, liver kidney GLUT3- Brain Placenta GLUT 4- Adipose tissue skeletal muscle Glut 5- fructose, spermatocyte & GI tract
31
what does the brain use as energy source during starvation
Ketones
32
Can RBC use Ketones for energy & why?
NO only use glucose, RBC lack mitochondria for aerobic metabolism
33
where do GLP 1 come from?
Meals
34
what is the function of GLP1
increase beta sensitivity to glucose.
35
what MOA of sulfonyureas
blocks K channel, causing influx of Ca2+ via voltage gated calcium channels, increasing insulin release
36
what ratios are increased before closing K+ channels in beta cell of pancreas
increase ATP/ADP ratio
37
what are the functions of glucagon?
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone production
38
what 3 things inhibit glucagon
Somatostatin, Insulin and hyperglycemia
39
dopamine antagonist drugs eg antipsychotics causes---------------------- due to hyperprolactenemia
galactorrhea
40
what inhibits prolactin
dopamine
41
what GHRH analog drug is used to treat HIV associated lipodystrophy?
Tesamorelin
42
prolactin suppresses --------------- ?
GnRH
43
Pulsatile GnRH leads to --------------& __________?
Puberty and fertility
44
4 symptoms of Pituitary prolactinoma
galactorrhea, amenohrea, hypogonadism, osteoporosis
45
Analog of somatostatin used to treat esophageal varices
Ocreotide
46
Bonus: what else do ocreotide treat
carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly
47
function of prolactin
stimulate milk production(hence Gallactorhe) in breast and inhibit ovulation (hence amnehorea) and inhibit spermatogenesis (hence decrease libido)
48
how does prolactin inhibit its own secretion?
increase dopamine synthesis by stimulating the hypothalamus then causing excess dopamine to inhibit prolactin
49
TX of hyperprolactinemia
dopamine agonist( bromocrptine and carbagobulin)
50
what type of drugs stimulate prolactin secretion
dopamine antagonist ( antipsychotics) and estrogen (e.g OCPS & pregnancy)
51
Bonus: Most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries
Norovirus (single stranded RNA virus)
52
what induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and neural plate
notochord
53
what gene is present in the notochord
sonic hedgehog
54
notochord becomes ----------- in adults
nucleus pulposus
55
list the 3 major region that makes up the three primary vesicles of developing the brain
Forebrain,midbrain and hind brain
56
what do the prosencephalon form
telencephalon and diencephalon
57
what does telencephalon form
cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricle
58
what does diencephalon form
thalamus and 3rd ventricle
59
what does the mesencephalon form
midbrain and aqueduct
60
what does the rhombocephalon divide to
metencephalon and mylencephalon
61
metencephalon forms
pons, cerebellum and upper part of 4th ventricle
62
what does the mylencephalon form
medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle
63
where do the microglia cells originate from
mesoderm
64
failure of the bony spinal canal to close with the dura intact is associated with what pathology
spinal bifida occulta (tuft of hair)
65
a spinal problem with normal AFP
spinal bifida occulta
66
diff btw meningocele and meningomylocele
meningocele: meninges herniate only thru spinal canal meninogemylocele: meninges and spinal card herniation
67
frog like appearance with polyhydramnious and inc AFP
ananencephaly
68
anencephaly is associated with what 2 complication
maternal diabetes type 1 | maternal folate supplementation
69
failure of left and right hemisphere to separate and what gene and disease is it associated with?
holopronscencephaly, sonic hedge hog gene and patau syndrome
70
what is cyclopia
most severe form of holopronscencephaly
71
lack of cerebral vermis and an cystic enlarged 4th ventricle? list 2 associations
Dandy walker | associated with hydrocephalus & spinal bifida
72
what disease is associated with memningomylocele
arnold chiara type 2
73
absence of cerebellum is seen in what disease
Dandy walker

Endocrine FA 2016 306-310 (1 decks)

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