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ANAPHY (miss nat) > ENDOCRINE (FINALS) > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE (FINALS) Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones control several major processes:

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Mobilization of body defenses
  • Maintenance of much of homeostasis
  • Regulation of metabolism
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2
Q

are chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body

A

hormones

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3
Q

hormone come from a Greek word meaning ____

A

“to arouse”

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4
Q

Amino acid-based hormones (3)

A

Proteins
Amines
Peptides

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5
Q

made from cholesterol include the sex hormones made by the gonads (ovaries and testes)

A

steroids

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6
Q

made from highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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7
Q

MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION

A

 Target cells or organs
 Receptor

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8
Q
  • Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs
  • must have specific protein receptors
A

Target cells or organs

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9
Q

which that hormone can attach must be present on the cell’s plasma membrane or in its interior

A

Receptor

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10
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTION
Diffuse through the _______

A

plasma membrane of target cells

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11
Q

STEROID HORMONE ACTION (6)

A
  1. Enter the nucleus
  2. Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
  3. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  4. Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
  5. The mRNA is translated in the cytoplasm
  6. Resulting in the synthesis of new proteins
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12
Q

Hormone binds to a membrane receptor and does not enter the cell

A

NONSTEROID HORMONE ACTION

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13
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by _________

A

negative feedback

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14
Q

Hormone release stops once an ________ in the blood is _______.

A

appropriate level in the blood is reached

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15
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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15
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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15
Q

The term _____ refers to the ancient use of the word humor to indicate the various body fluids (blood, bile, and others)

A

humoral

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15
Q
  • Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release
  • Most are under control of the sympathetic nervous system
A

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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16
Q

MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS

A

o Pituitary
o Pineal
o Parathyroid
o Thymus
o Adrenal
o Pancreas
o Gonads (ovaries and testes)
o Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Controls the release and inhibits the hormones of the pituitary glands

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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17
Q

Liberates regulatory hormones into the blood of the portal circulation, which connects blood supply of the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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18
Q

Makes oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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19
Q
  • Size of a grape
  • “master endocrine gland”
  • Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus snugly surrounded by sella turcica
  • Protected by the sphenoid bone
A

PITUITARY GLAND

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20
Q

two functional lobes of pituitary gland:

A
  1. Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue
  2. Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue
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21
Q

General metabolic hormone

A

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

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21
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • Proteins (or peptides)
  • Act through second-messenger systems
  • Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
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21
Q

Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

A

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

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21
Q

Six (6) anterior pituitary hormones

A

2 affect non-endocrine targets
4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

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22
Q

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins and Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

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22
Q
  • Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • Function in males is unknown
A

Prolactin (PRL)

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23
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropic hormone (TH)

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23
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

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23
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in males (referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH))

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q
  • Stimulates follicle development in ovaries and sperm development in testes
  • they produce estrogen as follicles mature
A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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23
Q
  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations and during breastfeeding
  • Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex
A

Oxytocin

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23
Q
  • triggers ovulation
  • causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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24
Q
  • Can inhibit urine production
  • In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

25
Q
  • Found at the base of the throat just inferior to the Adam’s apple
  • Consists of two lobes joined by central mass or isthmus
A

THYROID GLAND

26
Q

Thyroid gland produces two hormones:

A
  1. Thyroid hormone
  2. Calcitonin
26
Q

Calcitonin is produced by __________

A

parafollicular gland

26
Q

Thyroid is composed of two active iodine-containing hormones:

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
26
Q

Major metabolic hormone

A

THYROID HORMONE

27
Q

secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (T4)

28
Q

conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

29
Q

important for normal tissue growth and development, especially in the reproductive and nervous systems

A

THYROID HORMONE

29
Q

Controls the rate at which glucose is “burned,” or oxidized, and converted to body heat and chemical energy (ATP)

A

THYROID HORMONE

30
Q

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone (hypocalcemic)

A

CALCITOCIN

31
Q

Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

CALCITOCIN

32
Q

Calcitocin is produced by __________

A

C (parafollicular) cells

33
Q

It is released directly to the blood in response to an increasing level of blood calcium ions.

A

Calcitocin

34
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
that secrete parathyroid hormone

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

35
Q

function of parathyroid hormone:

A

o Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone and release it into the blood
o Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
o Raises calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemic)

36
Q

Located posterior to the sternum in upper thorax and is largest in infants and children. It also produces thymosin

A

THYMUS

37
Q

function of thymosin

A

o Matures some types of white blood cells
o Important in developing the immune system

38
Q

glands that curve on top of the kidney like triangular hats

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

39
Q

two glands in adrenal glands

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
40
Q

outer glandular region in three layers

A

cortex

40
Q

inner neural tissue region

A

medulla

41
Q

3 major groups of steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
  2. Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
  3. Sex hormones
42
Q
  • Produced in outer adrenal cortex
  • Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance
A

Mineralocorticoids

42
Q

o Promote normal cell metabolism
o Control the more unpleasant effects of inflammation by decreasing edema, and they reduce pain by inhibiting the pain-causing prostaglandins

A

Glucocorticoids

43
Q
  • Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
  • Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
A

Sex hormones

44
Q

Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines) when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system

A

HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

45
Q

hormones of the adrenal medulla produces two similar hormones (catecholamines) which are:

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
46
Q

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

A

catecholamines/hormones of the adrenal medulla

47
Q

The islets of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans) produce hormones:

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
48
Q

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

A

insulin

49
Q

These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A

islets of the pancreas

50
Q

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells. Its primary target organ is the liver, which it stimulates to break down stored glycogen to glucose and to release the glucose into the blood.

A

glucagon

51
Q

A small, coneshaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain that secretes melatonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

52
Q

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles or the “sleep trigger”

A

melatonin

53
Q

Produces sex cells (exocrine) and sex hormones (endocrine)

A

GONADS

54
Q

are paired, slightly larger than almond-sized organs located in the pelvic cavity.

A

Ovaries

55
Q

Paired oval glands suspended in the scrotum outside the pelvic cavity

A

Testes

56
Q
  • Produced by Graafian follicles of the ovaries or the placenta
A

Estrogens

57
Q
  • Produced by the corpus luteum
  • Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
A

Progesterone

58
Q

____ of testes are hormone - producing

A

Interstitial cells

59
Q

____ is the most important androgen

A

Testosterone

60
Q

function of testosterone

A
  • Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
  • Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
  • Required for sperm cell production
61
Q

produced by the developing embryo and then by the fetal part of the placenta

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

62
Q

works cooperatively with estrogen and progesterone in preparing the breasts for lactation

A

Human Placental Lactogen

62
Q

causes the mother’s pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible, which eases birth passage

A

Relaxin

62
Q

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA

A
  • Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
  • play a part in the delivery of the baby
  • Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
63
Q

OTHER HORMONE-PRODUCING TISSUES AND ORGANS

A
  • Parts of the small intestine
  • Parts of the stomach
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Placenta – temporary organ
  • Some tumors
  • Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
64
Q

Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

A

estrogen

65
Q

Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg and maintain pregnancy

A

estrogen

66
Q

Stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

67
Q

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
and helps prepare breast tissue for lactation

A

progesterone

67
Q

it quiets the muscles of the uterus so that an implanted embryo will not be aborted

A

progesterone

67
Q

Glucocorticoids help resist _____ stressors

A

long-term

68
Q

_______ is released in response to increased blood levels of ACT

A

Glucocorticoids

68
Q

______ is produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

ANAPHY (miss nat) (7 decks)

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