Endocrine glands

Question 1

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 1

thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions

Question 2

how does the hypothalamus affect the anterior pituitary?

Answer 2

hypothalamus produces releasing hormones, these pass to AP via b.v which trigger secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

Question 3

how does the hypothalamus affect the posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

hormones produced pass to posterior pituitary along nerve axons, released into circulation in posterior pituitary

Question 4

what are the hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 4

corticotropin RH
gonadotropin RH
thyrotropin RH
GHRH
somatostatin IH
prolactin RH
dopamine PLIH

Question 5

what are the anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 5

adrenocorticotropic 
follicle stimulating
luteinising
thyroid stimulating
GH
prolactin

Question 6

what is the effect of corticotrophins?

Answer 6

anterior pituitary-> adrenal cortex ->cortisol

Question 7

where do gonadotrophins have an effect?

Answer 7

anterior->testes/ovaries

Question 8

where do thyrotrophins have an effect?

Answer 8

anterior->thyroid

Question 9

what is the effect of prolactin?

Answer 9

breast development and milk production

Question 10

what are the posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 10

antidiuretic hormone
ocytocin
-produced by neurons in hypothalamus and pass along axons to posterior pituitary

Question 11

what is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 11

kidney-water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Question 12

what is the effect of oxytocin?

Answer 12

contraction of uterus/milk ejection

Question 13

where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 13

neck, anterior to trachea

Question 14

what are the thyroid hormones?

Answer 14

T3-tri-iodo-thyronine
T4-tetra-iodo-thyronine-thyroxine-precursor
calcitonin

Question 15

what is calcintonin produced by?

Answer 15

para-follicular C-cells

Question 16

what are the actions of T3 and T4?

Answer 16

increase metabolic rate of all cells
determine basal metabolic rate
essential for normal fetal and childhood growth
permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upreg adrenoreceptors

Question 17

what is thyroid hormone undersecretion?

Answer 17

hypothyroidism
cretinism
myxoedema

Question 18

what is thyroid hormone oversecretion?

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism

grave’s

Question 19

what is goitre?

Answer 19

thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency

low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH

Question 20

what are parathyroid glands?

Answer 20

4/5 on deep surface of thyroid gland

produce PTH-involved in reg of blood ca levels

Question 21

what are the islets of Langerhans?

Answer 21

occupy 1-2% of pancreatic tissue

produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 22

what cells produce which pancreatic hormones?

Answer 22

beta-insulin
alpha-glucagon
delta-somatostatin

Question 23

what is insulin?

Answer 23

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

released in response to raised blood glucose-acts to lower

Question 24

what are the functions of insulin?

Answer 24

facilitates glucose entry to:
muscle cells, adipocytes
promotes formation of:
glycogen
triglycerides
facilitates protein synthesis

Question 25

what promotes insulin secretion?

Answer 25

raised blood glucose raised blood aa glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide vagus nerve activity

Question 26

what inhibits insulin secretion?

Answer 26

adrenaline sympathetic nerves somatostatin

Question 27

what is glucagon?

Answer 27

``` released in response to low blood glucose conc raises blood glucose actions: liver glycogenolysis liver gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone synthesis ```

Question 28

what promotes glucagon secretion?

Answer 28

decreased blood glucose raised blood aa CCK autonomic nerve activity

Question 29

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

Answer 29

insulin | somatostatin

Question 30

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 30

elevated blood glucose conc decreased glucose uptake by cells metabolic changes-gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Question 31

what are the clinical features of diabetes?

Answer 31

``` polyuria polydipsia glycosuria diabetic neuropathy skin and oral diseases ```

Question 32

describe type 1 diabetes

Answer 32

``` insulin-dependent decreased insulin secretion destruction of beta cells autoimmune 10% of cases early onset ```

Question 33

describe type 2 diabetes

Answer 33

``` insulin-independent normal insulin levels decreased target cell responsiveness to insulin related to obesity late onset ```

Question 34

what are adrenal glands?

Answer 34

``` lie on top of kidnets cortex hormones -aldosterone -cortisol -androgens medulla modified sympathetic gangion -adrenaline ```

Question 35

what is cortisol?

Answer 35

``` corticosteroid glucocorticoid hormone produced by cells of zona fasciculate of adrenal cortex controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary actions: metabolic permissive anti-inflammatory immunosuppressant ```

Question 36

what is aldosterone?

Answer 36

mineralocorticoid corticosteroid produced by cells of zona glomerulose release controlled by renin-angiotensin system

Question 37

what are the actions of aldosterone?

Answer 37

promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in kidney | increases excretion of H+ and K+

Question 38

what are angrogens?

Answer 38

ginadocorticoids from zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex contribute to growth and secondary sexual characteristics pubertal growth spurt

Question 39

what is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 39

modified sympathetic ganglion controlled by pre-ganglioninc sympathetic nerves cells produce adrenaline-release augments action of SNS

Question 40

what is an adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 40

addisons disease decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids