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Winter Quiz 3 > Endocrine Histology - Wright > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology - Wright Flashcards

1
Q

General considerations of endocrine system, 4 things

A

Regulates metabolic activities, maintains homeostasis

Slow-acting system

acts via hormones

endocrine glands = ductless

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2
Q

3 classes of Hormones

A

Peptides / proteins

AA derivatives

Steroids / FA derivatives

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3
Q

Signal transduction of hormones

A

Hormones bind to receptors :
on surface of plasmalemma
for peptide / protein hormones

Within the cytoplasm (other types)

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4
Q

Signal Transduction: different types

A

Endocrine: passes through bloodstream to get to target cell

Paracrine: Signaling cell passes through local mediator to get to other cells

Neuronal: Signal goes through neurotransmitter

Contact-Dependent: Signaling cell goes to target cell via membrane-bound signal molecule

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5
Q

General signaling pathway

A

Starts from extracellular signal -> receptor -> intracellular signaling proteins ->
a.) metabolic enzyme -> altered metabolism.
b.) gene regulatory protein -> altered gene expression.
c.) cytoskeleton protein -> altered cell shape/movement.

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6
Q

Secondary Messanger examples

A

cAMP
cGMP
phsophatidylinositol
calcium ions
sodium ions

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7
Q

Integrated signaling

A

2 separate signaling molecules bind to 2 separate receptors in order to relay message.

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8
Q

Feedback of Low body temp

A

Low Body temp:
Hypothalamas secretes TRH -> targets anterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary release TSH -> stimulates follicular cells
Follicular cells of thyroid release TH (T3)-> increase metabolic activities, increasing body temp
Increased body temp detected by hypothalamas -> secretion of TRH inhibited. TH also blocks TRH

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9
Q

2 glands in pituitary gland & what it does

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary): develops from hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch (oral ectoderm). Adeno means glandular, so these are glandular type cells that actually secrete things. Originates from oral cavity

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary): develops from neuroectoderm. Made of nervous tissue (axons glial cells). Originates from neuroectoderm (head area)

Pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism

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10
Q

Location of Pituitary Gland

What does it sit in

A

Inferior to hypothalamus - connected to it by hypophyseal stalk

Sits in hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica

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11
Q

Roles of hypothalamus

A

Secretes “releasing hormones” or “inhibiting hormones” that control function of anterior pituitary

controls ANS, receives input from CNS

Controls posterior pituitary function via neurosecretory innervation

Overall role: REGULATE HOMEOSTASIS

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12
Q

Stimulating / inhibiting factors of hypothalamas

A

neurons from hypothalamus terminate on capillary, release releasing and inhibitory hormones:

TRH (stimulates release of TSH)
CRH (stimulates release of ACTH)
GHRH (stimulates release of GH)
Somatostatin (inhibits release of GH/ACTH/TSH)
GnRH (stimulates release of LH and FSH)
PRH (stimulates release of prolactin)
Dopamine (PIF, or prolactin inhibiting factor)

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13
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which makes thyroid gland release T3 and T4.

T3 and T4: increased metabolism; growth and development, increased catecholamine effect

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14
Q

Pituitary circulation

A

Very rich in circulation

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15
Q

Anatomical regions of pituitary

A

Anterior pituitary:
-pars distalis (on pars anterior)
-pars intermedia (next to posterior, the middle)
-pars tuberalis (on the tube)

Posterior pituitary:
-median eminence (top part)
-infundibulum (stem and process)
-pars nervosa (lobe)

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16
Q

Adenohypophysis (Anterior pituitary): Pars distalis

Types of cells within:

extra: chromophils: acidophils / basophils

VERY IMPORTANT SLIDE

A

Somatotrophs: release somatotropin (growth hormone); stimulated by SRH

Lactotrophs (Mammotrophs): release prolactin; stimulated by PRH and inhibited by PIF

Corticotrophs - secrete ACTH and LPH; stimulated by CRH
Thyrotrophs - secrete TSH; stimulated by TRH
Gonadotrophs - secrete FSH and LH (ICSH); stimulated by LHRH

17
Q

Pars intermedia

contains___ which secrete ____, a precursor to:

A

contains basophils, secrete proopiomelanocortin (POMC), a precursor to:

a-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
Corticotropin
b-lipotropin
b-endorphin

18
Q

Precursors to POMC, what they stimulate

A

a-MSH: regulates movement of melanin, also controls appetite/sexual behavior

Corticotropin: stimulates adrenal cortex / secrete hormones

b-lipotropin: stimulates melanin production, lipolysis, steroidogenesis

b-endorphin: binds to opioid receptors: decreases bodily stress, pain management, reward effects, behavioral stability

19
Q

Location of pars tuberalis

short slide… skip it prob

A

surrounds infundibular stalk anteriorly
contain vessels of hypophyseal portal system
contains basophilic cuboidal cells with granules which show immunoreactivity to ACTH, FSH, LH

20
Q

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Neurosecretory cells in ____ and ___ nuclei of hypothalamus travel down stalk and terminate in posterior pituitary near capillaries

Neurons release:

Hormones bind to:

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Neurons release vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin

Hormones bind to neurophysin (carrier protein) release them into bloodstream in the posterior pituitary

21
Q

What makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

A

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus lead down to stalk, where hypothalamohypophyseal tract is. Still above ant/post glands.

22
Q

Neurohypophysis: pars nervosa

What does it contain?

A

Main part of posterior lobe.

Contains axons / axon terminals of neurons of paraventricular / supraoptic.

23
Q

Neurohypophysis: pars nervosa

Axon and axon terminals contain accumulations of neurosecretory granules: these dilated axon terminals are called ___.

A

Herring bodies.

These release contents into perivascular spaces to be taken up by bloodstream.

24
Q

Supraoptic nucleus release ____.

Paraventricular nucleus release ___.

A

vasopressin (AVP or ADH)

oxytocin

VS OP

25
Q

Neurohypophysis hormones

Role of ADH

Role of oxytocin

A

Role of ADH: targets distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys, modulates permeability of cells, lowering urine volume but increasing urine concentration

Role of oxytocin: stimulates contraction of myometrium during labor; stimulates milk EJECTION from mammary glands.

Note: Milk production is from prolactin, but milk ejection is from oxytocin

26
Q

Pituicytes

A

thought to be glial type cells

Main role is to assist storage and release hormones of posterior pituitary

Winter Quiz 3 (6 decks)

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