Endocrine Hormones

Question 1

Regulatory hormones

Answer 1

Produced/released: hypothalamus
Targets: anterior pituitary
Functions: control anterior pituitary hormone release

• releasing and inhibitory hormones

Question 2

Releasing hormones

Answer 2

Produced/released: hypothalamus
Target: anterior pituitary
Functions: stimulate release of specific anterior pituitary hormones

• thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
• prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
• gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
• growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 3

Inhibitory hormones

Answer 3

Produced/released: hypothalamus
Target: anterior pituitary
Functions: inhibit release of specific anterior pituitary hormones

• prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
• growth-hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 4

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 4

Produced: hypothalamus
Released/stored: posterior pituitary
Target: kidney, hypothalamus thirst center, blood vessels
Function: decrease urine output in kidneys, thirst center to increase fluid intake, in high doses a vasoconstrictor

Question 5

Oxytocin

Answer 5

Produced: hypothalamus
Released/stored: posterior pituitary
Target: mammary glands, brain
Function: contract uterus, eject milk from mammary glands, increase feelings of emotional bonding

Question 6

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 6

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: thyroid gland
Function: stimulate thyroid to release thyroid hormone

Question 7

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 7

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: mammary glands
Function: regulate mammary gland growth and breast milk production, function not fully known in males

Question 8

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 8

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: ovary, testis
Function: control development of oocytes and ovarian follicles (ovaries) and sperm (testes)

Question 9

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 9

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: ovary, testis
Function: induces ovulation, control testosterone synthesis

Question 10

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 10

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: adrenal cortex
Function: stimulate corticosteroid release from adrenal cortex

Question 11

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 11

Produced/released: anterior pituitary
Target: all cells
Function: stimulate release of insulin-like growth factors from liver, GH and IGH work together to induce growth

Question 12

Melatonin

Answer 12

Produced/released: pineal gland
Target: brain
Function: regulate circadian rhythm, functions in sexual maturation

Question 13

Thyroid hormone (TH)

Answer 13

Produced/released: thyroid gland
Target: all cells
Function: increase metabolic rate, increase heat production

• T3, T4

Question 14

Calcitonin

Answer 14

Produced/released: thyroid gland
Target: bones, kidneys
Function: decrease blood calcium, most significant in kids

Question 15

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 15

Produced/released: parathyroid glands
Target: bones, kidneys
Function: increase blood calcium via release from bones and decrease loss from urine; initiate formation of calcitriol via vitamin D pathway to increase calcium absorption in small intestine

Question 16

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

Answer 16

Produced/released: thymus
Target: T lymphocytes
Function: maturation of T cells

Question 17

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 17

Produced/released: adrenal cortex
Target: Kidneys
Function: regulate blood K and Na (in.K, decr.Na excreted in urine)

Question 18

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 18

Produced/released: adrenal cortex
Target: Liver, adipose, all cells
Function: stress response, incr. available nutrients in blood

Question 19

Gonadocorticoids

Answer 19

Produced/released: adrenal cortex
Target: body cells
Function: stimulate maturation/functioning of reproductive system

Question 20

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

Answer 20

Produced/released: adrenal medulla
Target: body cells
Function: prolong effects of sympathetic NS (‘fight’)

Question 21

Insulin

Answer 21

Produced/released: pancreas (beta cells)
Target: liver, adipose, body cells
Function: decrease blood glucose

Question 22

Glucagon

Answer 22

Produced/released: pancreas
Target: liver, adipose, body cells
Function: increase blood glucose

Question 23

Testosterone

Answer 23

Produced/released: testes
Target: reproductive organs, body cells
Function: stimulate maturation/function of male reproductive system

Question 24

Inhibin

Answer 24

Produced/released: testes, ovaries
Target: anterior pituitary
Function: Inhibit release of FSH

Question 25

Estrogen/progesterone

Answer 25

Produced/released: ovaries, placenta Target: reproductive organs, body cells Function: stimulate maturation/function of female reproductive system; stimulate development of fetus and physical changes within mother associated with pregnancy

Question 26

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 26

Produced/released: heart Target: Kidneys, blood vessels Function: decrease BP by stimulating kidneys to increase urine output, dilate BV

Question 27

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 27

Produced/released: kidneys (major), some liver Target: bone marrow Function: increase production of RBC

Question 28

Angiotensinogen

Answer 28

Produced/released: liver Target: blood vessels, kidneys, hypothalamus (thirst center) Function: convert kidney and BV enzymes to angiotensin II, increase BP with decreasing urine output and vasoconstriction, stimulate thirst center

Question 29

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Answer 29

Produced/released: liver Target: body cells Function: work with growth hormone to regulate growth

Question 30

Hepcidin

Answer 30

Produced/released: liver Target: small intestine, liver, spleen, bone marrow Function: regulate iron levels

Question 31

Gastrin

Answer 31

Produced/released: stomach Target: stomach Function: facilitate digestion ( increase activity)

Question 32

Secretin

Answer 32

Produced/released: small intestine Target: digestive organs (pancreas) Function: regulate small intestine digestion by helping to maintain pH; bicarbonate and bile

Question 33

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 33

Produced/released: small intestine Target: digestive organs (gallbladder) Function: regulate small intestine digestion by facilitating fat and protein digestion; pancreatic juice and bile

Question 34

Motilin

Answer 34

Produced/released: small intestine Target: small intestine Function: stimulate motility

Question 35

Vitamin D

Answer 35

Produced/released: skin Target: bones, kidneys, small intestine Function: converted to calcitriol by liver and kidney enzymes, works with PTH to increase calcium absorption, increase blood calcium

Question 36

Leptin

Answer 36

Produced/released: adipose CT Target: brain Function: regulate food intake