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Endocrine Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Triiodothyronine

A 
Ab: T3
Made by: Colloid of thyroid
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH
Target: Almost all cells of body
Function: Growth and metabolism
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2
Q

Thyroxine

A 
Ab: T4
Made by: Colloid of thyroid
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TSH
Target: Almost all cells of body
Function: Growth and metabolism
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3
Q

Calcitonin

A

Ab: CT
Made by: Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Regulated by: Humoral/Rising blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in blood
Function: Promotes bone deposition. Lowers blood Ca2+

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Ab: PTH
Made by: Parathyroid chief cells
Regulated by: Humoral/Falling blood Ca2+ levels
Target: Ca2+ in bone
Function: Promotes Ca2+ resorption. Raises blood Ca2+

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5
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Aldosterone
Made by: Zona Glomerulosa
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH, Activation of RAA pathway
Target: Kidneys (Distal convoluted tubules)
Function: Raises blood volume and pressure. Regulation of electrolytes (Na+/K+)

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6
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Cortisol
Made by: Zona Fasciculata
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH (eating, activity, stress)
Target: Many cells
Function: Keep blood glucose levels constant (gluconeogenesis), maintain blood pressure, regulate stress

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7
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Main Hormone: Sex hormones, mainly androgens
Made by: Zona Reticularis
Regulated by: Hormonal/ACTH
Target: Many cells
Function: Secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, onset of puberty

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8
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Main Hormone: Adrenaline
Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS
Target: Many cells
Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
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9
Q

Norepinephrine

A 
Main Hormone: noradrenaline
Made by: Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/SNS
Target: Many cells
Function: Effects mimic SNS activation
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10
Q

Melatonin

A 
Made by: Pinealocytes
Stored: Pineal gland
Regulated by: Neural stimuli/light 
Target: Brain and many cells
Function: Influence circadian rhythms
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11
Q

Glucagon

A

Made by: Pancreas alpha cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Falling blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)
Target: Liver/Skeletal muscle
Function: Raises blood glucose levels

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12
Q

Insulin

A

Made by: Pancreas beta cells
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/Rising blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
Target: Liver/Blood
Function: Lowers blood glucose levels

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13
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A 
Ab: hCG
Made by: Placenta
Regulated by: Pregnancy
Target: Corpus Luteum
Function: Maintains corpus luteum, promotes placental development
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14
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A 
Ab: ANP
Made by: Atrium
Regulated by: Blood pressure
Target: blood vessels
Function: Lowers blood pressure
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15
Q

Renin

A

Made by: Kidney
Regulated by: Blood pressure
Target: Stretch receptors in blood vessels
Function: Initiates R-A-A pathway, changes Angio to Angio I

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16
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Ab: EPO
Made by: kidney
Regulated by: Humoral stimuli/blood level of oxygen
Target: Stem cells
Function: Tells stem cells to become red blood cells

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17
Q

Oxytocin

A

Ab: OT
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Uterus, mammary glands, sex organs
Function: Labor: stimulates uterine contractions, Letdown: triggers milk ejection, Love drug: role in sexual arousal

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18
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Ab: ADH
Made by: Hypothalamus
Stored: Posterior pituitary
Regulated by: Neural/hypothalamus
Target: Collecting duct of kidney tubules
Function: Stimulates collecting ducts of kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water into blood vessels. Raises blood volume/pressure

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19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Ab: TSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/TRH released by hypothalamus
Target: Thyroid gland
Function: Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A 
Ab: ACTH or Corticotropic
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/CRH
Target: Adrenal cortex
Function: Promotes release of corticosteroid hormones
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21
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

Ab: FSH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Follicle in ovary
Function: Cause follicle maturation (gametogenesis: egg in Females, sperm in Males)

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22
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Ab: LH
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Stored: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/GnRH (post puberty)
Target: Corpus luteum
Function: Maintains corpus luteum after ovulation

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23
Q

Prolactin

A 
Ab: PRL
Made by: Anterior pituitary
Regulated by: Hormonal stimuli/PIH
Target: Mammary glands
Function: Stimulates milk production
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24
Q

OT

A

Oxytocin

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25
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
26
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
27
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic or Corticotropin
28
FSH
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
29
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
30
PRL
Prolactin
31
T3
Triiodothyronine
32
T4
Thyroxine
33
CT
Calcitonin
34
PTH
Parathyroid Hormone
35
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
36
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid
37
Androgen
Gonadocorticoids - sex hormone
38
adrenaline
Epinephrine
39
noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
40
hCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
41
ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
42
EPO
Erythropoietin
43
Thymosin
Made by: Thymus Function: Involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes for immune response. Shrinks with age.
44
Testosterone
Made by: Testes Function: Initiates maturation of male reproductive organ Appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive. Necessary for sperm production.
45
Name the two main classes of hormones
Non-steroid hormones – amino acid-based hormones (polar) | Steroid hormones – synthesized from cholesterol (non-polar)
46
Name the two mechanisms of hormone action depending on their chemistry
Water-soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) bind to cell membrane receptors Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) enter the target cell and bind with intracellular receptors.
47
Name two types of hormone specificity
Receptor found only on certain cells (e.g. ACTH with receptors on adrenal cortex) Receptors found on nearly all cells of the body (T4 on many cells)
48
How does a hormone degrade?
Degrading enzyme Kidneys Liver Half-life
49
Name three types of hormone interaction at target cells
Permissiveness: one hormone cannot exert itself without another hormone being present Synergism: more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell (e.g. GH and T4 for growth) Antagonism: one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone (insulin and glucagon have opposite actions)
50
Name the three types of hormone release regulation
Humoral stimuli – changing blood levels of ions and nutrients stimulates secretion of hormone Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (SNS and posterior pituitary) Hormonal stimuli – Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (Hypothalamic RH release most anterior pituitary hormones, A.P. hormone stimulates targets to secrete other hormones, hormones from final target organ inhibit release of A.P. hormone.
51
Name scientific name for posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis (posterior) – downgrowth of hypothalamic tissue Adenohypophysis (anterior) – grows from nasopharynx and pinches off
52
Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary
``` Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ```
53
Describe anterior pituitary-hypothalamic relationship
Anterior lobe uses the hypophyseal portal system | Carries releasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs) to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
54
List the anterior pituitary hormones
``` Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) ```
55
Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are proteins?
All of them
56
Which of the anterior pituitary hormones are tropic (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)?
All but GH and PR
57
What are the two gonadotropins mentioned on the endocrine chart?
``` Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) – maintains C. L. then releases progesterone. A version of LH is present in males. ```
58
Describe the thyroid gland
Two lateral lobes connected by a middle mass called the isthmus Colloids fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of TH Follicular cells surround the colloid Parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin
59
Name the two compounds that make up Thyroid hormone (TH)
T4 (thyroxine) | T3 (triiodothyronine)
60
Name TH role besides growth and metabolism
Maintains blood pressure Regulates tissue growth Development of skeletal and nervous systems
61
Describe the parathyroid glands
Four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of the thyroid Contain oxyphil cells (unknown function) and chief cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) (parathormone) PTH – most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
62
How are the adrenal layers regulated?
Adrenal medulla- sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal cortex- hormonal
63
Name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids produced from superficial to deep
Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Zona fasciculate- glucocorticoids (cortisol) Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids (sex hormones- most are androgens)
64
What kind of cells does the pancreas have (two categories)? (Refer to slides for photo of cells)
Acinar cells (exocrine)- produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion (outside of pancreatic islet) Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans) contain endocrine cells Alpha cells produce glucagon Beta cells produce insulin
65
Glucagon targets the liver, where it promotes:
Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose | Gluconeogenesis- synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
66
Effects of insulin:
Lowers blood glucose levels Enhances membrane transport of glucose into cells Inhibits effects of glucagon
67
What is the function of testosterone?
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive Sperm production Maintains reproductive organs in their functional state
68
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Produces a few hormones such as the thymosins, which are involved in maturation of T-Lymphocytes (T-cells) for immune response Shrinks as one ages

AP2 (11 decks)

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