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Grade 12 Biology > Endocrine & Immune System > Flashcards

Endocrine & Immune System Flashcards

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0
Q

Target and 1 function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Target: adrenal cortex

1. Stimulates stress related hormones

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1
Q

Target and 1 function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Target: thyroid gland

1. Stimulates thyroxine release

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2
Q

Target and 1 function of somatotropin or growth hormone

A

Target: most cells

1. Promotes growth

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3
Q

Target and 2 functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Target: ovaries, testes

  1. In females stimulates follicle development in ovaries
  2. In males, promotes development of sperm cells in testes
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4
Q

Target and function of prolactin (PRL)

A

Target: mammary glands

1. Stimulates and maintains milk production in lactating females

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5
Q

Target of Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroid

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6
Q

Target and 2 functions of Oxytocin

A

Target: uterus, mammary glands

  1. Initiates strong contractions
  2. Triggers milk release
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7
Q

Target and 1 function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Target: kidneys

1. Increases water reabsorption by kidneys

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8
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Insulin decreases blood sugar by making cells more permeable to glucose

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9
Q

Insulin is produced by what?

A

Produced by Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas

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10
Q

What are endocrine hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands right into the blood

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11
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body

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12
Q

What does the Parathyroid Hormone do

A

Regulates calcium levels

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13
Q

What does Gastrin do

A

Gastrin triggers cells in stomachs to produce digestive enzymes

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones

A

Steroid and Protein

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15
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Hormones made of cholesterol which is a lipid compound and also includes sex hormones and cortisol

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16
Q

2 features of steroid hormones

A
  1. Not soluble in water but only in fat

2. Made up of long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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17
Q

What are protein hormones

A

Hormones made of amino acid chains and includes insulin and GH

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18
Q

What is cortisol

A

Is apart of the NFL for stress and it stimulates conversion of amino acids to glucose

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19
Q

5 things about Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Referred to as “master gland”
  2. Controls various glands
  3. Produces and stores hormones
  4. Hypothalamus triggers release of hormones from the pituitary gland through way of nerves or blood stream
  5. Found at base of the brain
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20
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and Posterior

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21
Q

2 things about the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Stores and releases harmonies like oxytocin and ADH

2. Triggers release through nerves

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22
Q

2 things about Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Produces it’s own hormones

2. Releases hormones into blood stream

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23
Q

What does Dopamine

A

Creates happiness but also inhibits the secretion of Prolactin (PRL)

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24
What is Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
Basically a messenger that activates enzymes in cytoplasm to carry out normal everyday functions
25
What does Glucagon do
Increases the amount of Glucose in the blood stream
26
What does "hyper" mean
Too much
27
What does "glyco" mean
Sugar
28
What does "emia" mean
Refers to a condition of the blood
29
Where are adrenal glands located
Above the kidney
30
Norepinephrine definition
Increases heart rate and produces fight or flight response
31
What are the 2 important thyroid hormones
``` T4 = Thyroxine T3 = Triiodothyronine ```
32
What are T3's and T4's overall function
Regulate metabolism and growth of tissues
33
How is oxidized glucose broken up
60% is released from the body as heat where the other 40% is transformed to ATP (stored energy)
34
People who secrete low levels of T4 can experience what 4 things
1. Muscle weakness 2. Cold intolerance 3. Dry skin 4. Dry hair
35
What is Calcitonin
Hormone produced by thyroid that lowers calcium levels in the blood
36
What does Iodine prevent
Iodine prevents swelling of the thyroid which when swollen is called a "goiter"
37
What is Tetanus
Uncontrollable muscle twitches
38
Low calcium levels triggers what
Triggers release of Parathyroid Hormone which increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels
39
What percent of body's calcium is held in storage
98%
40
What is the connection between thyroxine and the body
Thyroxine allows the body to better utilize glucose
41
What does Mad Cow Disease do
It prevents normal walking motion and eventually makes standing impossible
42
What is the pH of the body kept at
Between 3-5
43
What are leukocytes
WBC that engulfs invading microbes or produces antibodies
44
What are Granulocytes
Class of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules and are made in bone marrow
45
What are Agranulocytes
WBCs that do not have cytoplasmic granules and are notifies in lymph nodes
46
What is the 3 steps of Phagocytosis
1. Foreign invader penetrates skin 2. Special leukocytes called monocytes migrate into tissue 3. This then produces macrophages
47
What are Macrophages
Known as "big eaters" as they attach to microbe and engulfs it and is destroyed by enzymes within macrophage
48
What is a lysozyme
Secreted in tears, saliva, mucous, and sweat. Destroys cell walls of bacteria and kills them
49
What are the 2 different lymphocytes
T-cell and B-cell
50
What are T-cells
Produced in bone marrow and processed by thymus gland and it identifies and attacks foreign substances
51
What are B-cells
Made in bone marrow and are responsible for making antibodies
52
Why are HIV cells hard to destroy
HIV cells have a protein coat surrounding virus which prevents antibodys from knowing the structure of virus
53
What is a Helper T-cell
Had a receptor and binds to antigen sticking out of macrophage
54
What are Lymphokines
Released from T-cell and acts as a messenger between other T-cells and B-cells
55
What do Killer T-cells do
They puncture cell membrane of infected cell and kills the cell along with the invader
56
What is Cyclosporin
Drug that slows killer T-cells and is a immunosuppressant drug. Leaves you more susceptible to bacterial infection
57
What is a suppressor T-cell
Shuts down immune system and communicates with helper T-cells to maintain adequate antibodies
58
What are Memory B-cells
Responsible for storing blueprint of an antigen
59
What is Active Immunity
When body produces antibodys to fight invading antigens
60
What is Passive Immunity
When antibodys are introduced into the body directly, only provides temporary protection
61
How many Europeans where killed due to smallpox in the 18th century
60million
62
Can antibodys survive in the body forever
No
63
What is a "magic bullet"
Chemical substances that can be aimed at specific organisms and leave host cell undamaged
64
What is Actinomycete
A soil organism that produces a bacteria killing substance called "actinomycetin"
65
Who invented/founded penicillin
Fleming
66
What is Penicillin
Medicine that weakens bacteria cell walls to the point where the cytoplasms pressure is so much it bursts the cell resulting in death
67
What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
It results in the inability to produce T-cells and B-cells
68
What does Histamine do
Increases permeability of capillaries and causes redness
69
What is Lupus caused by
Caused by accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes that builds up in walls of blood vessels, joints, kidneys, and skin
70
What are allergies
Harmless cells that the immune system interprets as foreign invaders
71
How does the immune system typically react to peanut allergies
Tissue swelling, mucous secretion and sometimes blocked airways
72
What does adrenaline do
Relives stress which will narrow blood vessels and open airways
73
What are autoimmune diseases
Diseases that causes the body's immune system to fight itself
74
What is Epinephrine also known as
Adrenaline

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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