Endocrine Patho

Question 1

Exocrine Glands

Answer 1

Secrete into ducts as opposed to directly into blood, excrete for elimination. Ducts carry secretions to surface. E.g sweat glands, salivary glands, liver

Question 2

Endocrine glands (inside)

Answer 2

Secrete into blood to be carried to target tissues, they lack ducts, carry hormones

Question 3

Example of endocrine glands

Answer 3

Pineal, ovaries/testes, pituitary, hypothalamus

Question 4

What do hormones do

Answer 4

Increase or decrease cellular metabolism, coordinate bodily functions such as mood, growth, development, metabolism, tissue function, sexual development.

Main function to maintain homeostasis

Question 5

Mixed gland

Answer 5

Has both endo and exo function, example is pancreas

Insulin production=endocrine
Digestive enzymes=exocrine

Question 6

Double gland

Answer 6

Glands that secrete different hormones and have 2 different functions
Pituitary and adrenal are examples of

Question 7

Where are hormones released

Answer 7

Directly into bloodstream, to target tissues

Question 8

Cells

Answer 8

Many contain receptors to bind to specific hormone and initiate appropriate signal

Question 9

Agonist

Answer 9

Molecule that binds and triggers a response by that cell that produce some kind of action

Question 10

Antagonist

Answer 10

Bind to a cell and block that action of the agonists, widely used as drugs

Question 11

Negative feedback system

Answer 11

Enough is enough, mechanisms work until the variable is back to original state

Question 12

Positive feedback system

Answer 12

Give me more, mechanisms enhance the original stimulus. E.g childbirth, oxytocin

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Not a gland, several control centres for body functions and emotions, primary link between endocrine system and nervous system

Question 14

Some things the hypothalamus is responsible for

Answer 14

Releasing hormones, maintaining daily physiological cycles, appetite, sexual behaviours, emotional reponse

Question 15

What is the pituitary gland

Answer 15

AKA master gland, its located at base of the brain behind the nose. Its secretions control or regulate secretions of so many other endocrine glands

Question 16

How is the pituitary gland divided

Answer 16

In two regions, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

Question 17

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

Produces 6 hormones:
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adreno Cortex Stimulating Hormone (ACTH)
3 Gonadotropic hormones
Mammary Gland Stim Hormones

Question 18

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 18

Secretes 2 hormones
ADH
Oxytocin

Question 19

Growth hormone

Answer 19

regulates growth and body composition

Question 20

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 20

Stimulates the thyroid to secrete its hormones

Question 21

Adreno Cortex Stimulating Hormone

Answer 21

Stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones, principally cortisol

Question 22

Gonadotropic Hormones

Answer 22

Act on ovaries or testes to stimulate sex hormone production, egg and sperm maturity

Question 23

Mammary Gland Stim Hormone

Answer 23

Prolactin

Question 24

ADH

Answer 24

Anti diuretic hormone AKA vasopressin, controls water balance and BP

Question 25

Oxytocin

Answer 25

Stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretions

Question 26

Thyroid

Answer 26

Butterfly shaped organ, at front of neck. Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body

Question 27

What 3 hormones does the Thyroid secrete

Answer 27

Thyroxine, Iodine, Calcitonin

Question 28

Thyroxine

Answer 28

Major metabolic hormone, stimulates energy production in cells, increases rate cells consumes oxygen, carbs, fats, protein. Needed for normal development

Question 29

Iodine

Answer 29

Without proper levels of this, thyroxine cannot be produced, development will be diminished

Question 30

Calcitonin

Answer 30

Maintains normal calcium levels in blood, is secreted when HIGH levels of calcium detected, stims bone building cells to absorb calcium and kidneys to excrete it

Question 31

Parathyroid

Answer 31

Smallest of endocrine glands, can vary in number and position. They assist in regulation of calcium and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 32

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 32

Acts as an antagonist to calcitonin, secreted when calcium levels are LOW, causes bone dissolving cells to release calcium.

Question 33

Adrenal Glands

Answer 33

2 asymmetrical glands on upper kidneys. Comprised of two functionally separate parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 34

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 34

Secretes Corticosteroids, 2 main mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) , Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Androgens

Question 35

Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

Answer 35

Aldosterone and cortisol, they regulate metabolism, balance of salt/water, stress, immune system, sexual function

Question 36

Androgen

Answer 36

Male sex hormone

Question 37

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 37

Main function of the hormones produced here is to prepare for fight or flight.

Question 38

What hormones are produced in adrenal medulla

Answer 38

Catecholamines (Epi/Norepi) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 39

Epi/Norepi

Answer 39

Most of adrenaline in body. Epi causes vasoconstriction and norepi stims SNS. Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose, and increase oxygen and glucose in blood

Question 40

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 40

Released during stress, targets adrenal cortex and causes it to secrete cortisol, then stimulates cells to increase energy production

Question 41

Pancreas

Answer 41

Behind abdomen, its a digestive gland, its considered endo and exo. Secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum through the pancreatic duct

Question 42

Pancreas as an endocrine gland

Answer 42

Functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 43

Pancreas as part of the GI system

Answer 43

Secretes pancreatic juice into intestine

Question 44

Islet of Langerhans

Answer 44

Cell groups within the pancreas, responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. The main hormones secreted are glucagon and insulin.

Question 45

Glucagon

Answer 45

Produced by ALPHA cells, stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar when blood sugar is low

Question 46

Glycogenolysis

Answer 46

Conversion of glycogen into glucose

Question 47

Glucogenesis

Answer 47

conversion of nutrients into glucose, increases use fats and amino acids for energy production

Question 48

Insulin

Answer 48

From BETA cells, enables cells to uptake glucose and allows for storage of glycogen. Secreted when blood sugar is high

Question 49

Somatostatin

Answer 49

Produced by DELTA cells, inhibits the release of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon, therefore blood sugar rises

Question 50

Gonads

Answer 50

Main source of sex hormones, they are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)