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EMRG 1230 > Endocrine Patho > Flashcards

Endocrine Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete into ducts as opposed to directly into blood, excrete for elimination. Ducts carry secretions to surface. E.g sweat glands, salivary glands, liver

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2
Q

Endocrine glands (inside)

A

Secrete into blood to be carried to target tissues, they lack ducts, carry hormones

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3
Q

Example of endocrine glands

A

Pineal, ovaries/testes, pituitary, hypothalamus

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4
Q

What do hormones do

A

Increase or decrease cellular metabolism, coordinate bodily functions such as mood, growth, development, metabolism, tissue function, sexual development.

Main function to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Mixed gland

A

Has both endo and exo function, example is pancreas

Insulin production=endocrine
Digestive enzymes=exocrine

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6
Q

Double gland

A

Glands that secrete different hormones and have 2 different functions
Pituitary and adrenal are examples of

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7
Q

Where are hormones released

A

Directly into bloodstream, to target tissues

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8
Q

Cells

A

Many contain receptors to bind to specific hormone and initiate appropriate signal

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9
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that binds and triggers a response by that cell that produce some kind of action

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

Bind to a cell and block that action of the agonists, widely used as drugs

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11
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Enough is enough, mechanisms work until the variable is back to original state

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12
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Give me more, mechanisms enhance the original stimulus. E.g childbirth, oxytocin

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Not a gland, several control centres for body functions and emotions, primary link between endocrine system and nervous system

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14
Q

Some things the hypothalamus is responsible for

A

Releasing hormones, maintaining daily physiological cycles, appetite, sexual behaviours, emotional reponse

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15
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

AKA master gland, its located at base of the brain behind the nose. Its secretions control or regulate secretions of so many other endocrine glands

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16
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided

A

In two regions, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Produces 6 hormones:
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adreno Cortex Stimulating Hormone (ACTH)
3 Gonadotropic hormones
Mammary Gland Stim Hormones

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18
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes 2 hormones
ADH
Oxytocin

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19
Q

Growth hormone

A

regulates growth and body composition

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20
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid to secrete its hormones

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21
Q

Adreno Cortex Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones, principally cortisol

22
Q

Gonadotropic Hormones

A

Act on ovaries or testes to stimulate sex hormone production, egg and sperm maturity

23
Q

Mammary Gland Stim Hormone

A

Prolactin

24
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone AKA vasopressin, controls water balance and BP

25
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretions

26
Q

Thyroid

A

Butterfly shaped organ, at front of neck. Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body

27
Q

What 3 hormones does the Thyroid secrete

A

Thyroxine, Iodine, Calcitonin

28
Q

Thyroxine

A

Major metabolic hormone, stimulates energy production in cells, increases rate cells consumes oxygen, carbs, fats, protein. Needed for normal development

29
Q

Iodine

A

Without proper levels of this, thyroxine cannot be produced, development will be diminished

30
Q

Calcitonin

A

Maintains normal calcium levels in blood, is secreted when HIGH levels of calcium detected, stims bone building cells to absorb calcium and kidneys to excrete it

31
Q

Parathyroid

A

Smallest of endocrine glands, can vary in number and position. They assist in regulation of calcium and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

32
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Acts as an antagonist to calcitonin, secreted when calcium levels are LOW, causes bone dissolving cells to release calcium.

33
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

2 asymmetrical glands on upper kidneys. Comprised of two functionally separate parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

34
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Secretes Corticosteroids, 2 main mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) , Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Androgens

35
Q

Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

A

Aldosterone and cortisol, they regulate metabolism, balance of salt/water, stress, immune system, sexual function

36
Q

Androgen

A

Male sex hormone

37
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Main function of the hormones produced here is to prepare for fight or flight.

38
Q

What hormones are produced in adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines (Epi/Norepi) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

39
Q

Epi/Norepi

A

Most of adrenaline in body. Epi causes vasoconstriction and norepi stims SNS. Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose, and increase oxygen and glucose in blood

40
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Released during stress, targets adrenal cortex and causes it to secrete cortisol, then stimulates cells to increase energy production

41
Q

Pancreas

A

Behind abdomen, its a digestive gland, its considered endo and exo. Secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum through the pancreatic duct

42
Q

Pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

Functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

43
Q

Pancreas as part of the GI system

A

Secretes pancreatic juice into intestine

44
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

Cell groups within the pancreas, responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. The main hormones secreted are glucagon and insulin.

45
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by ALPHA cells, stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar when blood sugar is low

46
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Conversion of glycogen into glucose

47
Q

Glucogenesis

A

conversion of nutrients into glucose, increases use fats and amino acids for energy production

48
Q

Insulin

A

From BETA cells, enables cells to uptake glucose and allows for storage of glycogen. Secreted when blood sugar is high

49
Q

Somatostatin

A

Produced by DELTA cells, inhibits the release of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon, therefore blood sugar rises

50
Q

Gonads

A

Main source of sex hormones, they are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

EMRG 1230 (15 decks)

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