Endocrine Pharmacology # 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What is the endocrine system?
A
The Endocrine system encompasses a group of organs/glands that release hormones into circulation for regulating various physiological functions
2
Q
What is the origin of hormones?
A
Endocrine glands
3
Q
What is the origin of neurotransmitters?
A
neurons of nervous system
4
Q
How are hormones transmitted in the body?
A
Blood
5
Q
How are neurotransmitters transported in the body?
A
Neurons
6
Q
What are the targets of hormones?
A
Distal + local organs
7
Q
What are the targets of neurotransmitters?
A
Local receptors on neurons
8
Q
What is the duration of action / how quickly hormones work?
A
How quick? Slow ( up to a few days)
How long? Short and long lived
9
Q
Do hormones cause voluntary or involuntary action?
A
Involuntary
10
Q
Do neurotransmitters cause voluntary or involuntary action?
A
Both
11
Q
What is similar in terms of hormones and neurotransmitters?
A
Chemicals
Functions
Receptor sites in target cells
12
Q
How do hormones and neurotransmitters effect one another?
A
Regulate
each other
* Feedback
system
13
Q
What are the neurohormones?
A
Noradrenaline (or Norepi)
Oxytocin
Dopamine
(NOD)
14
Q
What is the master regulator of the endocrine system?
A
hypothalamus
15
Q
What organ(s) secretes Sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen and progesterone?
A
Ovary and testicle
16
Q
What organ secretes Growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, LH, FS, PRL, ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin?
A
Pituitary gland
17
Q
What is secreted by the hypothalamus?
A
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH)
18
Q
What organ secretes Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and PTH?
A
Thyroid gland
19
Q
What organ secretes adrenalin, and corticosteroids?
A
Adrenal Gland
20
Q
What is the function of hormones?
A
Hormones control the functions of all the organs. They affect diverse processes of growth and development, reproduction and sexual characteristics, temperature, hunger.
21
Q
Hormones are needed for….
A
Chemical Signals
Development of bones + muscles
Puberty
Metabolism control
Upkeep homeostasis.
22
Q
How many important hormones are there in animals?
A
20 +
23
Q
What are examples of steroid hormones?
A
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Cortisol
24
Q
Where do steroids bind? Why?
A
Steroids are lipophillic, and can cross membrane easily. They bind in cell in membrane or in nucleus (usually nuclear receptors)
25
What are examples of amine hormones?
Thyroxine, catecholamines, Melatonin
26
What is another term for catecholamines?
Neurotransmitters
27
What are examples of peptides/ protein hormones?
Vasopressin
Insulin
Growth Hormone
Oxytocin
(VIGO)
28
Where do receptors bind to peptides/ proteins? Why?
Peptides / proteins are water soluble and charged. They are amino acids. They typically bind on the cell surface since they have a difficult time crossing the cell membrane.
29
What is the function of ACTH? Where does it come from?
Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce a hormone called cortisol.
Adrenal glands
30
What is the function of TSH (thyrotropin)? Where does it come from?
Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.
Thyroid gland
31
What is the function of LH + FSH (gonadotropins)? Where do they come from?
32
What is the function of PRL (prolactin)? Where does it come from?
33
What is the function of GH (growth hormone)? Where does it come from?
34
What is the function of ADH (vasopressin)? Where does it come from?
35
What is the function of Oxytocin? Where does it come from?
36
What is the function of Cortisol? Where does it come from?
- Normal Metabolism
- Regulates Blood sugar
- Maintains Blood Pressure
- Anti inflammatory
- Regulation of Fluid balance.
37
What is the function of Thyroxine? Where does it come from?
Controls: HR, Temp, Metabolism, Ca+ metabolism.
38
What is the function of Estrogen? Where does it come from?
39
What is the function of Progesterone? Where does it come from?
40
What is the function of Testosterone? Where does it come from?
41
What are the types of hormone imbalances in animals
❖ Pituitary Disorders
❖ Adrenal Dysfunction
❖ Thyroid/Parathyroid Disorders
❖ Disorders of Endocrine Pancreas
❖ Disorders of Reproductive System
❖ Uterine dysfunction and infections
42
Drugs that produce hormone like effects have therapeutic value in treating?
Endocrine hypofunction
43
Drugs that inhibit hormone synthesis or block receptors have therapeutic value in treating?
endocrine hyperfunction
44
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Pituitary gland is connected and regulates other glands such as thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes, breasts by releasing hormones that regulate and control other hormones.
45
What are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland? What is the function of these hormones?
GH: stimulates growth and repair
ACTH : stimulates adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids
TSH: stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
ADH (vasopressin): controls water retention by the kidneys
Oxytocin: uterine contraction and milk production
LH & FSH: control reproductive functions
PRL: stimulates the breasts to produce milk
46
What are types of pituitary endocrine disorders? What hormone imbalance is present in each?
Decreased secretion
❖ Hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)
❖ Acquired growth hormone (GH) deficiency
❖ Neoplasia (can be benign but still cause deficiencies/ increased secretion
❖ Hypersecretion of pituitary hormones
➢ Acromegaly results from excess of GH
➢ Cushing’s syndrome results from excess of ACTH ( cortisol)
➢ Galactorrhea results from excess of PRL
❖ Diabetes insipidus results from vasopressin deficiency or vasopressin receptor abnormality
47
What are the symptoms of cushings disease? Who is typically affected?
48
What is galactorrhea?
49
How does growth hormone signaling work?
GHS: Ligand-specific signaling pathway that controls gene expression
Growth pathway: Growth factors promote cell division
Growth Inhibition Pathway: Factors stop cells from growing
- Tyrosine kinase binds GF at plasma membrane. It then phosphorylates and activates JAK STAT signaling. JAK STAT is the difference between growth hormone peptide vs. steroid.
Receptor and ligand then go into nucleus and bind to dna -> specific to GH sequencing DNA -> Then it transcribes different target genes. In this case it is IGF- 1
50
What are the different growth hormone agents used to to increase hormone in hypo conditions?
51
What are the different growth hormone agents used to to decrease hormone levels in hyper conditions?
52
Why are synthetic drugs preferred?
- Increased Stability, Decreased hepatic clearance, longer half life.
53
What are hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?
Corticosteroids ( like glucocorticoids ( cortisol) and Mineral Corticoids ( aldosterone)
Adrenaline
Androgens
54
What is the purpose of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal glands serve as a homeostatic organ, regulating reactions to stress
Hormones regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress ect.
55
What is the pathway from environmental stress to adrenal gland secretions?
Stimul causes Hypothalamus to secrete CRH -> CRH stimulates pituitary to release ACTH -> ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to proliferate ( trophic effect) and produce corticosteroids. Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis
56
What are the effects of glucocorticoids?
Related to metabolism and immune system
57
What are the effects of mineralcorticoids?
involved in sodium and water retention.
58
What are the conditions in animals associated with adrenal dysfunction?
- Addisons disease
- Cushings disease
- Pheochromocytoma
59
What is addisons disease? What animals are affected?
60
What is cushings disease? What animals are affected?
61
What is a pheochromocytoma? What animals are affected?
62
What are corticosteroids?
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are synthetic analogs of cortisol produced by glands that are used for therapeutic purposes
63
What are the effects of corticosteroids?
▪ CNS effects
▪ Cardiovascular effects
▪ Skeletal muscle effects
▪ Effects on blood cells and lymphoid tissue
▪ Immunologic effects
▪ Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
▪ Effects on intermediary metabolism
▪ Actions on electrolytes and water balance
64
What is the cellular mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?
When circulating in blood they are bound to Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG). When free they can pass through cell membrane. the corticosteroid then binds to the receptor in the nucleus. The receptor complex will then bind to a specific area of DNA and dependent on + or - Binding you will have different protein products.
65
What is the resulting proteins of negative binding Glucocorticoids?
Pro-inflammatory proteins
66
What is the resulting proteins of positive binding Glucocorticoids?
Anti-inflammatory proteins
Gluconeogenesis
Muscle, fat, connective tissue catabolism
67
What are corticosteroids classified by?
duration of action
68
What corticosteroids are short acting ( < 12 hours)? What are they used for?
➢ Hydrocortisone (cortisol) ➢ Cortisone ➢ Fludrocortisone (MC)
used to treat pruritus and inflammation associated with allergy
69
What corticosteroids are intermediate acting ( 12-36 hours) ? What are they used for?
➢ Prednisone ➢ Prednisolone ➢ Methylprednisolone ➢ Triamcinolone
used for the long-term control of allergies, chronic inflammation,
immunosuppression, and lymphoma control
70
What corticosteroids are Long acting (36-72 hours) ? What are they used for?
Dexamethasone ➢ Betamethasone ➢ Paramethasone ➢ Flumethasone
used topically to treat inflammation and pruritus associated with allergies
71
What are the physiological and pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids?
Glucocorticoids have one of the most widespread and potent immunosuppressant anti-inflammatory effects of any drug class
▪ Decrease T and B cells, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
▪ Decrease neutrophil migration into tissues
▪ Macrophages produce less TNFα, interleukins, plasminogen activator, interferon γ
▪ Phospholipase A2 is inhibited, so arachidonic acid (AA) is not available
to produce inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotriens
▪ Effects on COX-2 decreasing prostaglandin production
▪ Decrease histamine release by mast cells
▪ Hair and skin growth is inhibited
72
Insufficient or excessive glucocorticoid activity can ________ _________ ___ ___________
Insufficient or excessive glucocorticoid activity can increase susceptibility to infections
73
How do glucocorticoids effect electrolytes + water balance?
74
How do glucocorticoids effect CNS?
75
How do glucocorticoids effect the lungs?
76
How do glucocorticoids effect cardiac function?
77
How do glucocorticoids effect muscle?
78
What are the adverse effects of corticosteroid use?
79
What is a potential long term effect of corticosteroid use?
Long-term has effect like in Cushing’s Syndrome (pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH)
80
What are potential concerns with dogs and corticosteroid use?
Hepatotoxicity
81
What are potential concerns with cats and corticosteroid use?
Congestive Heart failure
82
What can occur if corticosteroids are discontinued abruptly?
83
What are potential corticosteroids used for replacement therapy in patients with addisons disease?
84
What are potential adrenal steroid inhibitors s used to treat patients with hyperadrenocorticism?
85
What is mitotane? What is its mechanism of action?
86
What drug used as a adrenal steroid inhibitor is easy to overdose? What would be the outcome?
Mitotane
As a result of long and variable t1/2 of mitotane, it would be very easy to overdose the animal, which would convert from hyperadrenocorticism to hypoadrenocorticism
87
What are the uses of mitotane? What are the adverse effects?
88
What is trilostane? What is its mechanism of action?
89
When should you not use trilostane?
Contradictions: Pregnant animals (inhibits progesterone synthesis )
90
What is trilostane used for? What are the potential adverse effects?
91
What is ketoconazole? What is its mechanism of action?
92
What is ketoconazole used for? What are the potential adverse effects?
93
What is selegiline? What is its mechanism of action?
Increases dopamine. Increase in dopamine, which can decrease ACTH if there is a tumor in that area where its stimulating dopamine.
94
What is selegiline used for?
95
What are potential adverse effects of selegiline?
