Endocrine & Reproductive Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
What hormones are involved in growth?
A
- Pituitary growth hormone.
- Thyroid hormone.
- Testosterone.
- Estrogen.
- gonadotropic
2
Q
What happens to hormone production as we age?
A
- Some target tissues become less sensitive to their controlling hormone
- The pituitary gland gradually shrinks in size.
- Metabolism slows.
- In women, the amount of TSH produced does not decrease with time, but it does in men.
- With aging, men sometimes experience a slightly decreased level of testosterone.
- Women have decreased levels of estradiol and estrogen after menopause.
- Levels of growth hormones decrease.
3
Q
What is the difference between a secondary oocyte and an ovum?
A
An ovum is a fertilized oocyte, while a secondary oocyte is an oocyte that is ready to be ovulated and fertilized.
4
Q
The process by which oocytes (and follicles) perish without having been expelled by ovulation. Only about 400 oocytes ovulate - about 99.9 % of the oocytes that where present at the time of puberty undergo this process. This may effect oocytes at all stages of their “life” - both prenatally and postnatally. By the sixth month of gestation about 7 million oocytes and oogonia are present in the ovaries. By the time of birth this number is reduced to about 2 million. Of these only about 400.000 survive until puberty.
A
Atresia.
5
Q
describe the functional anatomy of a spermatozoa.
A
Head: the top portion of the sperm
Neck: attaches the head to the middle piece. Contains both centrioles of the original spermatid.
Mid Piece: The microtubules of the distal centriole are continuous with those of the middle piece and tail.
Mitochondria in the middle piece are arranged in a spiral around the microtubules. Mitochondrial activity provides the ATP required to move the tail.
Tail: the only flagellum in the human body. Moves the sperm from one place to another.
6
Q
Adult sperm cell.
A
Spermatozoa / Spermatozoon.
7
Q
The activation process that must occur before a spermatozoon can successfully fertilize an oocyte.
A
Capacitation.
8
Q
describe the events that lead to capacitation.
A
1) Sperm become motile when they are mixed with secretions of the seminal glands
2) Sperm become capable of successful fertilization when exposed to conditions in the female reproductive tract
9
Q
where in the female system should fertilization occur?
A
The ovaries produce the female egg cells, called the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
10
Q
describe the relationship between the ovarian and the uterine cycle.
A
If the ovarian and uterine cycles do not occur in perfect timing, fertlization of a secondary oocyte would never be possible - leading to infertility. Asa primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle within the ovary, estrogen will tell the endometrium to thicken within the uterus in preparation for the implantation of a fetilized egg. After ovulation has occured, the courpus luteum will secrete progesterone and low levels of estrogen, which will then tell the uterine wall to thicken further in preperation of implantation.
11
Q
list and explain the three physiological phases of male sexual response.
A
- Arousal: erotic thoughts or stimulation of sensory nerves in the genitial regions leads to an increase in the parasympathetic outflow over the pelvic nerves. Blood flow is increased, which causes an erection. Arousal also stimulates the bulbourethral glands, and their secretion lubricates the tip of the penis.
- Emission: Further stimulation leads to a sympthatic activation that causes emission. Emission begins with peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens, which pushes spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra. Secretions from the seminal and prostate glands enter the urethra and mix with the spermatozoa to form semen.
- Ejaculation: Ejaculation occurs as powerful contractions take place in the bulbocavernous muscles - these muscles wrap around the base of the penis and their contractions push semen towards the external urethral orifice.
12
Q
Be able to trace spermatozoa through the ductal pathways from the epididymis to the external urethral orifice.
A
Remember: SEVEN UP!! S- Seminiferous tubules E- Epididymis V- Vas deferens E- Ejaculatory duct N- NOTHING (just here to help us remember SEVEN UP) U- Urethra P- Penis
13
Q
Be able to contrast down-regulation with up-regulation and give an example of each.
A
Up-regulation: increases the # of receptors in response to a decreased hormone level.
Down regulation: decreases the # of receptors in response to a decreased hormone level.
14
Q
Be able to list the 3 phase of stress and indicate which hormones play a role in each stage.
A
- The alarm stage: What is the alarm stage? Your body releases a substance called epinephrine. It causes many immidiate changes in your body. Your heart beats faster, your breathing speeds up, and your muscles tense. Your attention narrows as you focus on the stressor
- the resistance stage: if the stress lasts longer than a few hours, a person will enter the resistance stage. Glucocorticoids are the dominant hormones in this phase. The demand for energy is still higher than normal. Glycogen reserves are adequate to maintain normal glucose levels during the alarm phase but are nearly exhausted after several hours. The hormones of this phase mobilize lipids and amino acids to shift tissue metabolism away from glucose so that it may be used by neural tissues.
- the exhaustion stage: it is at this point that the body is running off of lipid reserves, but this cannot be maintained indefinitely. It is at this point that the systems of the body will begin to shut down, which may lead to death if not treated quickly enough.
15
Q
Be able to explain when spermatogenesis begins and ends in male life span and how many spermatozoa can be produced.
A
Begins: puberty.
Ends: death.
About 500 billion can be produced in a lifetime.
16
Q
Be able to describe when oogenesis begins and ends in the female life span and how many secondary oocytes can be produced.
A
Oogenesis begins before birth, and ends with menopause. During this timespan, a woman will, on average, release about 400 secondary oocytes.
17
Q
Where does oogenesis occur?
A
The ovaries.
18
Q
Intercellular communication through gap junctions.
A
Direct communication.
19
Q
Intercellular communication through exocrine communication.
A
Paracrine communication.
20
Q
Intercellular communication through the bloodstream.
A
Endocrine communication.
21
Q
Intercellular communication across synapses.
A
Synaptic communication.
22
Q
What are the most common pathophysiology conditions of Diabetes Mellitus I?
A
Inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells.
23
Q
What are the most common pathophysiology conditions of Diabetes Mellitus II?
A
Insulin resistence - the tissues do not respond properly to insulin found in the bloodstream. Most often associated with obesity.
24
Q
derived from cholesterol and produced by the adrenal gland, the gonads, and the placenta. In general, they are synthesized as they are needed and are not stored to any great extent. They are lipid soluble and circulate bound to a carrier protein.
A
Steroid.
25
use intracellular receptors AND direct gene activation, pass through the cell wall without difficulty .
Steroid hormones.
26
a chemical substance that is produced and secreted into the blood by an organ or tissue, and has a specific effect on target tissue.
hormone.
27
use membrane bound receptors AND second messengers. G proteins act as second messenger. Proteins are too large to go through the cell membrane
Amino acid derivatives.
28
Are amino acids lipid soluble or insoluble?
Lipid insoluble.
29
In general, these hormones are synthesized as prohormones - inactive precursor molecules that are converted to active hormones. These hormones range from polypeptide chains of amino acids, such as ADH and oxytocin, to small proteins, such as insulin and prolactin.
Peptide hormones.
30
Are peptide hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?
Lipid insoluble.
31
Are steroids lipid soluble or insoluble?
Lipid soluble.
32
This hormone group includes ADH and oxytocin, insulin, prolactin, all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, heart, thymus, digestive tract, and pancreas, and most of the hormones of the pituitary gland.
Peptides.
33
Relatively short chains of amino acids.
Peptides.
34
The ____ are considered "local hormones." They have specific effects on target cells close to their site of formation.
eicosanoids.
35
Are eicosanoids lipid soluble or insoluble?
Lipid soluble.
36
Be able to explain the negative feedback homeostatic mechanism for the control of blood sugar by insulin and glucagon.
When there is too high of a level of glucose in the blood, the pancreas will secrete insulin in order to attach to cell walls and open a channel for the cells to uptake glucose from the blood stream. Therefore, lowering the blood sugar levels. However, if blood sugar levels drop out of homeostatic range, the pancreas will secrete glucagon, which increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fatty acids, therefore releasing higher levels of glucose into the blood stream until glucose levels are back to a normal range.
37
What is the cause of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
It occurs as testosterone levels lower, while interstitial cells begin to release small levels of estrogen, stimulating prostatic growth.
38
What is the primary cause of endometriosis?
The exact cause is unknown - it is a condition in which endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus and on other organs, shedding once a month with the uterine cycle.
39
Glandular secretory cells that release their secretions into the extracellular fluid. Ductless.
Endocrine cells.
40
secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces, generally by way of ducts.
Exocrine cells.
41
```
Releasing Hormones (RH) stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe.
Inhibiting Hormones (IH) prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe.
Negative feedback controls rate at which hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones.
```
Hypothalamic Control of Anterior Lobe
42
A cell that only carries half of the chromosomes needed to produce a zygote.
haploid cells
43
Gamete/function of the male reproductive system?
Sperm.
44
Gonads/function of the male reproductive system?
Testis - The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
45
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
Vas deferens.
46
contains the testes - has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes.
Scrotum.
47
male organ for sexual intercourse
Penis.
48
Gametes of the female reproductive system?
Oocytes.
49
Gonads of female reproductive system/function?
Ovaries - to secrete and produce estrogen.
50
Explain the mechanisms used by both lipid and nonlipid hormones to affect their target cells
1) Lipid Hormone: Being lipid soluble, steroid hormones can diffuse easily into their target cells. Once inside, they bind to a receptor located in the nucleus. The activated hormone-receptor complex then interacts with another receptor on the DNA. The result of this is to cause the transcription of certain genes, which leads to synthesis of the proteins coded for by the genes. These proteins may be enzymes that promote metabolic activity, structural proteins, or proteins exported from the cell.
2) Non-Lipid Hormone:The hormone is called the first messenger. To give the cell its message, the hormone attaches to a specific receptor in the cell membrane. Once attachment occurs there is an increase in the synthesis of cyclic AMP inside the cell. Cyclic AMP acts as the second messenger to alter cell function by activating enzymes inside the cell which go on to catalyze specific responses, such as inducing secretion, activating protein synthesis, and altering membrane permeability.
51
The location and function of nurse cells in the testis?
form the blood-testis barrier, coordinate spermatogenesis, secrete the hormone inhibin, and are found in the seminiferous tubules
52
The location and function of interstitial cells in the testes?
are called Leydig cells, produce testosterone, respond to luteinizing hormone, and are located between seminiferous tubules
53
The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm, maturation is:
epididymis.
54
The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the:
ductus deferens.
55
Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a network of passageways called the:
rete testis.
56
Which of the following muscles move the testes toward the body?
both the cremaster and dartos muscle
57
a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at serve the testis
spermatic cord.
58
Sperm production occurs in the:
Semineferous tubules.
59
Sperm develop from stem cells called:
Spermatagonia.
60
The spermatogonia divide, the daughter cells are called
Spermatocytes.
61
The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called
Secondary spermatocytes.
62
The process of spermiogenesis produces:
Spermatozoa.
63
The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen is the:
Seminal gland.
64
The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the:
Prostate gland
65
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secretes a thick, alkaline mucus are the:
Bulbourethral glands.
66
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the:
corpus spongiosum.
67
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the:
corpus cavernosum.
68
The role of FSH in males is to:
Initiate sperm production in the testis/
69
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is:
LH
70
The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is called the:
Tunica vaginalis.
71
A primary spermatocyte matures into ____ spermatids having ___ chromosomes
4; 23.
72
Spermatozoa are functionally matured within the:
Epididymis.
73
Which of the following occurs after a spermatogonium completes cell division?
One daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
74
How many tetrads form during synapsis?
23
75
In a mature human spermatozoan the head contains ___ chromosomes.
23
76
Testosterone is secreted by the:
Interstitial cells.
77
A typical male ejaculation releases approximately ____ sperm
250 million.
78
Contraction of the dartos muscle:
tightens the scrotal sac.
79
an extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus
broad ligament.
80
steroid vs non steroid hormone
A steroid hormone will actually enter the target cell and act directly on the DNA of the cell. A non-steroid hormone will land on a receptor on the cell surface, but not enter the cell. In this case a second messenger will carry out the work, but the hormone stays outside the cell.
81
Be able to explain the steps of a steroid hormone activating a target cell.
1 endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone
2 steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane and enters cytoplasm or nucleus
3 hormone combines with a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm or nucleus
4 steroid hormone receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes transcription of messenger RNA
5 messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis
6 newly synthesized proteins produce hormones specific effects
82
describe the construction of the scrotum and testes from superficial to deep, indicating the function of each structure mentioned.
- Skin.
- Dartos muscle - wrinkling of the scrotal surface.
- Superficial fascia
- Cremaster muscle - pull the testes closer to the body.
- Scrotal cavity - seperation of the left and right testes.
- Tunica albuginea - covers the testes. Subdivides the testes into lubules.
- Septa
- Semineferous tubules - Sperm production.
- Rete testis - transport sperm cells into the epididymis.
83
What hormone is abbreviated by OXT?
Oxytocin.
84
What is the source of oxytocin?
Posterior pituitary.
85
What is the function of oxytocin?
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the wall of the uterus. After delivery, prompts the ejection of milk.
86
What is oxytocin's target organ?
Uterus and mammary glands.
87
What hormone is abbreviated by ADH?
Antidiuretic hormone.
88
What is the source of ADH?
Posterior pituitary.
89
What is the function of ADH?
Controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys
90
What is ADH's target organ?
Kidneys
91
What is the abbreviation for regulatory hormones?
RH.
92
What is the source of regulatory hormones?
Hypothalamus.
93
What is the function of regulatory hormones?
---
94
What is the target organ of RH?
-----
95
What is TSH?
Thyroid stimulating hormone.
96
What is the source of TSH?
Anterior pituitary.
97
What is the function of TSH?
Thyroid stimulation.
98
What is the target organ of TSH?
Thyroid gland.
99
What is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
100
What is the source of ACTH?
Anteriooo pituitary.
101
What is the function of ACTH?
Activation of the adrenal glands - release and regulation of cortisol.
102
What is the target of ACTH?
Adrenal cortex.
103
What is GH?
Growth hormone.
104
What is the source of GH?
Anterior pituitary.
105
What is the function of GH?
Regulation of metabolism and growth.
106
What is the target of GH?
General - most cells.
107
What is PRL?
Prolactin.
108
What is the source of prolactin?
Posterior pituitary.
109
What is the function of PRL?
Stimulation of milk secretion by the mammary glands.
110
What is the target of prolactin?
Mammary glands.
111
What is FSH?
Follicle stimulating hormone
112
What is the source of FSH?
Anterior pituitary.
113
Function of FSH?
Stimulation of oocytes and sperm.
114
Target of FSH?
Ovaries
115
WHat is LH?
Luteinizing hormone.
116
What is the source of LH?
Anterior pituitary.
117
Function of LH?
Stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the gonads.
118
What is the target organ of LH?
Ovaries
119
What is T4?
Thyroxine.
120
What is the source of thyroxine?
Thyroid.
121
What is the function of thyroxine?
metabolism.
122
What is the target of thyroxine?
General - most bod cells.
123
What is T3?
Triiodothyonine.
124
What is the source of T3?
Thyroid.
125
What is the function of T3?
Regulation of metabolism.
126
Target of T3?
General - most body cells.
127
What is CT?
Calcitonin.
128
Source of calcitonin:
Thyroid.
129
Function of calcitonin:
- decrease of blood calcium levels by stiumulating bones and kidneys to remove calcium.
130
Target of calcitonin:
bones, kidneys.
131
PTH:
Parathyroid hormone.
132
Source of PTH:
Parathyroid.
133
Function of PTH:
Increase blood calcium levels.
134
Target of PTH:
Bones, kidneys and intestines.
135
Source of aldosterone:
Adrenal cortex.
136
Function of aldosterone:
Retention of sodium.
137
Target of aldosterone:
Kidneys.
138
Source of cortisol:
Adrenal cortex.
139
Function of cortisol:
Preperation for stress.
140
Target of cortisol:
All body cells - primarily liver.
141
Source of androgens:
Zona reticularis of adrenal glands.
142
Function of androgens:
Precursor to sex hormones.
143
Target of androgens:
heart, testes.
144
Source of angiotensin II:
Liver.
145
Function of angiotensin II:
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
146
Function of epinephrine:
Increase ATP production.
147
Target of epinephrine:
Most body systems.
148
NE:
norepinephrine.
149
Source of norepinephrine:
Adrenal medulla.
150
Function of norepinephrine:
mimics the effect of epinephrine.
151
Target of norepinephrine:
Most body systems.
152
Source of insulin:
Pancreas.
153
Function of insulin:
opening of glucose absorption channels.
154
Target of insulin:
most cells of the body.
155
Source of glucagon:
Pancreas.
156
Function of glucagon:
Increase blood sugar levels.
157
Target of glucagon:
Liver.
158
Source of thymosins:
thymus.
159
Function of thymosins:
produces t lymphnodes
160
Target of thymosins:
lymph nodes.
161
Source of estrogen:
Ovaries.
162
Function of estrogen:
Controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in females; stimulates production of LH and suppresses the production of FSH in the pituitary gland.
163
Target of estrogen:
ovaries, uterus, pituitary gland
164
Source of progesterone:
ovaries.
165
Function of progesterone:
Maintains the lining of the womb - suppresses FSH production in the pituitary gland.
166
Target of progesterone:
uterus.
167
Source of testosterone:
Testes.
168
Function of testosterone:
promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics
169
Target of testosterone:
male reproductive organs
170
Source of resistin:
Adipose tissue.
171
Function of resistin:
Insulin resistance.
172
Target of resistin:
----
173
EPO:
erythropoietin
174
Source of EPO:
Kidneys.
175
Function of EPO:
stimulates increased production of RBCs
176
Target of EPO:
bone marrow.
177
Source of natriuretic peptides (NP):
muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes) in response to high blood volume
178
Function of natriuretic peptides:
acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure.
179
Target of natriuretic peptides:
????
180
Source of gastrin:
G cell (stomach antrum)
181
Function of gastrin:
stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl)
182
Target of gastrin:
Enterochromaffin (ECL) cells
| Parietal Cells
183
CCK:
Cholecystokinin
184
Source of CCK:
small intestine.
185
Function of CCK:
stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
186
Target of CCK:
Gall Bladder, Pancreas, & Stomach
187
xplain how T4 is made in follicle cells:
- Thyroglobulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and follows the secretory pathway to enter the colloid in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
- Meanwhile, a sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter pumps iodide (I-) actively into the cell,
- This iodide enters the follicular lumen
- In the colloid, iodide (I-) is oxidized to iodine (I0) and iodinates the thyroglobulin
The entire complex re-enters the follicular cell by endocytosis.
Proteolysis by various proteases liberates thyroxine and triiodothyronine molecules, which enter the blood by largely unknown mechanisms.
188
Be able to explain how the hypothalamus controls the activity of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland differently.
The hypothalamus has indirect control over the anterior pituitary via the release of regulatory hormones, while
189
Be able to describe the steps of spermatogenesis, location of each step (cell-stage), the amount of time needed to complete the process and the amount of spermatozoa produced.
Takes places in the testes:
- Stem cells divide by mitosis and produce two daughter cells. One is a spermatogonium that remains in contact with the basement membrane of the tubule, and the other is a primary spermatocyte that is displaced towards the lumen. Takes about 16 days.
- Next comes meiosis I, in which each primary spermatocyte contains 46 individual chromosomes. This one cell splits into two cells, now called secondary spermatocytes, each with 23 chromosomes.Takes about 24 days.
- Secondary spermatocytes enter meiosis II, which yields 4 haploid spermatids. Only lasts a few hours.
- In the last step, each spermatid matures into a single spermatozoon. Takes 24 days.
190
Diploid cell:
Daughter cell.
191
A primary spermatocyte is a cell that _____ meiosis.
Begins.
192
What are the different cell cycles of sperm?
Spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoa.
193
Be able to describe the steps of oogenesis, identifying the oocyte stage and the number of ova produced. Be able to describe the role of the spermatozoa in oogenesis.
Begins before birth - stops and starts depending on life cycle.
- Meiosis I: between months 3-7 of fetal development, primary oocytes prepare to undergo meiosis. They proceed as far as the prophase of meiosis I, and then stop. They will remain in this state of suspended development until puberty, when rising levels of FSH trigger the start of the ovarian cycle. Each month after the cycle begins, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to undergo further development. Meiosis I is then complete, yielding one haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- Meiosis II: Each month after the ovarian cycle begins, one or more secondary oocytes leave the ovary suspended in metaphase of meiosis II. Only if and when fertilization occurs will it complete the cycle, which will then produce a mature ovum.
194
Be able to describe the stages of the ovarian cycle indicating the follicular or luteal structure, the hormones produced by each structure, and the stage of the oocyte inside.
Follicular Phase: The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH and lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle, secreting estrogen. It starts the cycle as a primary oocyte, and ends as a secondary oocyte.
Luteal Phase: The second stage of the ovarian cycle, which begins when the graafian follicle ruptures and an ovum is released. Progesterone.
195
Be able to describe the anatomy of the endometrium and the stages of the uterine cycle.
The endometrium contains a basilar zone, adjacent to the myometrium, and a functional zone.
Straight arteries deliver a blood supply to the basilar zone, and spiral arteries supply to the functional zone.
As estrogen is released at the beginning of the uterine cycle, the endometrium will begin to thicken and regrow in preparation for implantation. After ovulation, corpus luteum will cause the endometrium to flourish. The fall of hormone at the end of the cycle if implantation does not occur will cause the endometrium to slough away, beginning the menses cycle.
196
Be able to explain the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism for the control of blood volume, blood pressure, sodium, water and potassium levels.
WATCH A YOUTUBE VIDEO.
197
explain the steps of the cAMP and calcium second messenger systems in activating a target cell.
- First, a G protein will bind to a membrane receptor outside of the cell.
- This will either increase, or decrease the concentration of cAMP.
- If levels of cAMP increase, enzymes may be activated or ion channels may be opened, accelerating the metabolic activity of the cell.
- In some instances, G protein activtaion results in a decrecesed cAMP concentrion, inhibiting cell activities.
- The calcium ions themselves serve as messengers.
198
where semen is ejaculated
Ejaculatory ducts.
199
the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of expelling (ejaculating) semen when the man reaches orgasm.
Urethra.
200
produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms' motility (ability to move). The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.
Seminal vesicles.
201
contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. These fluids also help to nourish the sperm.
Prostate gland.
202
These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.
Bulbourethral glands
203
a long, coiled tube that stores sperm and transports it from the testes.
epididymis
204
these 2 tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus.
| - also, normally are the sites where fertilization occurs.
Fallopian tubes.
205
in the FRS, this is the site of implantation of a fertalized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor.
Uterus.
206
this part of the FRS receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth.
vagina
207
allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, and direct the sperms into the uterus during intercourse
cervix
208
Functions for female excitement.
Clitoris.
209
enclose and protect the vagina.
Labia majora.
210
within labia majora, enclose vestibule of vagina, sebaceous glands, protective, VASCULARIZED
Labia minora.
211
Secrete milk for a child.
Mammary glands.
212
The vas deferens and ductus deferens are the ____.
Same.
