Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Surgery > Endocrine & Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine & Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

MC cause of hyperparathyroidism is……, that of hypoparathyroidism is…..

A

Parathyroid adenoma
Surgical removal or devascularization diring thyroidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CP of hyperparathyroidism

A

Asymptomatic, bone pain (osteitis fibrosa cystica), recurrent UT stones, abdominal pain due to pancreatitis & peptic ulcer, mentak changes, ectopic calcifications, muscle weakness, thirst polyuria, constipation, wt loss
Part of MEN1, MEN2A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DD of hypercalcemia

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Malignant hypercalcemia
  3. Adrenal crisis
  4. Nutritional causes as milk alkali $, excess vit D
  5. Prolonged immolbilization
  6. Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe ttt of hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Adenoma/carcinoma remove affected gland
  2. Hyperplasia & 3ry hyperparathyroidism: remove 3 & half glands, some surgeons implant remaing half in firearm
  3. 2ry treat CRF & administer phosphate binders
  4. Ectopic PTH-rP: remove tumor source
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mention causes of malignant hypercalcemia

A

Either secrete PTH-rP, as SCC of lung, RCC, bladder cancer
Osteolytic as BC, leukemias, MMs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mention manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

A

Circumoral numbness, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau sign, muscle cramps & tetany in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TTT of hypopara

A

Early PO hypocalcemia, IV Ca gluconate
Persistent hypocalcemia, oral administration of high dose Ca & vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe etiology of Addison’s disease

A
  1. Autoimmune disorder
  2. Infections (TB)
  3. Adrenal amyloidosis
  4. Metastatic carcinoma
  5. Surgical removal of adrenals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MC cause of Cushing is….

A

Iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List inv for Cushing $

A
  1. Loss of diurnal variation in cortisol in blood, saliva, urine
  2. ACTH blood levels & DMST to diff pituitary from adrenal cause
  3. Localisation mainly by CT, MRI on pituitary & adrenal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MC cause of hyperaldosteronism is….

A

Adrenal adenoma (Conn $)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe diagnosis & ttt for hyperaldosteronism

A

Diagnosed by Na, K, & aldosterone in the blood & imaging tests to detect adrenal tumors
TTT by resection of tumor, correction of renal artery stenosis or by using drugs that block the action of aldosterone (e.g. spironolactone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mention ttt of non-functioning adrenal gland

A

Mass more than 4 cm, removed surgically
Less than 4 cm, follow up by repeated imaging & blood tests, monitor any inc in size & any transformation to functioning tumor that starts secreting excess hormones then surgery is indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mention inv for virilization

A
  1. Dexamethasone suppression test suppresses androgen caused by adrenal hyperplasia to a lesser extent or not at all in other causes
  2. Localization is done by CT, MRI & US
  3. Surgical removal of the tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List inv for pheochromocytoma

A
  1. Measuring levels of CAs or their urine products
  2. Determination of plasma-free metanephrine & normetanephrine levels
  3. Localization of lesions
  4. Radionuclide imaging (MIBG) only abnormal tissues show uptake of MIBG & normal adrenals do not visualize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MC neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas are….

A

Insulinoma & gastrinoma

17
Q

Whipple triad is for diagnosis of…., includes….

A

Insulinoma
1. Symptoms of fasting hypoglycemia
2. Documented fasting hypoglycemia w/ sG less than 50 mg/dl
3. Relief of hypoglycemic symptoms after glucose administration

18
Q

Mention manifestations of:
1. Gastrinoma
2. VIPoma
3. Glucagonoma

A
  1. Abdominal pain, peptic ulceration of UGIT, GERD, diarrhea (Zollinger-Ellison)
  2. Vernor Morrison $: Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia,Achlorhydria, Acidosis.
  3. Glucose intolerance, diabetes, cachexia, 1/3 pts have 2ry thromboembolic phenomena
19
Q

Mention labs & a special inv for insulinoma

A
  1. Monitored fasting test
  2. Insulin-to-glucose ratios
  3. Levels of pro-insulin, insulin &c-peptide
    Intraoperative US is study of choice for localization of insulinomas
20
Q

Ideal inv for PanETs is…..

A

PET CT scan

21
Q

How to detect deep parotid tumors?

A

Diffuse bulge in the roof of soft palate or tonsillar fossa region, also may be palpable manually

22
Q

Mention inv for salivary glands

A
  1. CT evaulate anatomical details
  2. MRI for cranial nerves
  3. FNAC of clinically suspected tumors of salivary glands
  4. Sialography & plain X-ray: presence of salivary calculi
23
Q

GR: Submandibular stones are more common

A
  1. More viscide secretion with high Ca
  2. Elongated duct ascends upwards: inadequate drainage
  3. Orifice in floor of mouth easy blockage
24
Q

What is Lugwig’s angina

A

2ry infection in the obstructed system leads to rapidly worsening symptoms & even spreading cellulitis of the floor of mouth

25
Q

Describe management of salivary stones

A
  1. Superficial conservative parotidectomy
  2. Sub mandibulectomy: is indicated for calculi within the gland, incision is well below mandible avoid damaging mandibular branch of the facial & avoiding the hypoglossal n
  3. Orifice of parotid gland: meatotomy
    In anterior 2/3: intraoral approach longitudinal incision
    If it is impalpable, duct is opened from orifice backwards
    May be removed endoscopically or w/ lithotripsy
26
Q

Mention comp of acute bacterial sialoadenitis

A
  1. General: chronicity, bacteremia, septicemia, pyemia, toxemia
  2. Local: stone, fistula, abscess, VII palsy
  3. Comp of drainage: fistula, facialn injury, Frey’s post-op $
27
Q

TTT of recurrent sialadenitis

A
  1. AB according to C&S of parotid duct discharge
  2. Oral hygeine
  3. Ductoplasty to open duct orifice
  4. If sialogrpahy shows remote duct stenoses, these can be dilated using balloons similar to angioplasty devices
28
Q

Mention hallmark of advanced malignant change of pleomorphic adenoma

A

Rapid growth w/ pain & facial n involvement

29
Q

MC 1ry malignancy of parotid is….that of submandibular is…..

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma

30
Q

MC metastatic parotid tumor is….., ttt is…..

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Parotid resection, neck dissection, PO radiotherapy

31
Q

Describe TTT of ranula

A

Excision it is difficult bec of fragile lining & proximity to vital structures in the floor of mouth
Incomplete removal leads to recurrence
Marsupialization is an option

General Surgery (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions