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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

5 ways endocrine system maintains homeoststais

A

Altering metabolism, Regulating growth, Regulating production, Regulate circadian rhythms, Regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and galnds.

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2
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Bind to a receptor on the cell membrane and affect intracellular enzymes. Destroyed by digestion, have to be injected.

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3
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Diffuse into the cell through the cell membrane and bind to a nuclear receptor and activate genes. forms new proteins.

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4
Q

Define endocine glands

A

Release hormones into the interstitial which diffuse into cells in the blood. e.g. pituitary gland.

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5
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

Release enzymes and secretions into ducts. e.g. sweat glands

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6
Q

The organ with endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

How are hormones inactivated and excreted from the body?

A

Hormones that travel through the blood are inactivated by the liver and excreted in faeces or by the kidneys.

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8
Q

3 stimuli that trigger hormone secretion?

A
  1. Signals from the nervous system e.g Adrenaline
  2. The level of chemicals in the blood e.g. PTH
  3. Another hormone e.g. Thyroxine
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9
Q

Location of the pituitary gland?

A

Located in the brain where the hypothalamus controls it

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Contains axon terminals of neurosecretory cells. Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormones made by the hypothalamus are stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Produces 6 hormones

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12
Q

What are the 6 hormones in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. Thyroid hormone
  4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  5. Luteinizing hormone
  6. Prolactin
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13
Q 
Oxytocin hormone 
Stimulus for secretion- 
Target cell- 
Target organ- 
Function-
A
  1. Stimulation of the nipples
  2. Myoepithelial cells
  3. Breast and uterus
  4. Childbirth and lactation
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14
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone
Stimulus for serection-
Target cell-
Function-

A
  1. Low blood pressure, high plasma osmolality
  2. Neurosecretory cells
  3. Regulate the amount of water in the body
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15
Q

Growth hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Puberty
  2. Bone and skeletal muscle
  3. Body cells to enlarge and divide
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16
Q

Thyroid hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Low body temperature
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Increase metabolic rate
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17
Q

ACTH hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Physical stress
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Help body respond to stress
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18
Q

Follicle hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary.
  2. Testes/ovaries
  3. Control menstrual cycle
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19
Q

luteinizing hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Oestrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. Testosterone in testes.
  2. Testes and ovaries
  3. Control menstrual cycle
20
Q

Prolactin hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Breastfeeding
  2. Mammary gland
  3. Secretion of milk
21
Q

2 Growth hormone clinical application

A
  1. Hyposecretion - dwarfism (Growth years)

2. Hypersecretion- Giantism (Childhood)

22
Q

2 Thyroxine clinical application

A
  1. Hypothroyroidism- Slow heart rate, low body temperature, weight gain
  2. Hyperthyroidism- High temperature, weight loss, high heart rate
23
Q

What is the mineral needed to produce thyroxine?

24
Q

Adrenal glands: Location, components, and function

A

Located on top of both kidneys, made up of adrenal cortex and medulla. Adrenal glands produce aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.

25
3 Effects/actions of cortisol- Maintains blood glucose and vasoconstriction
1. Raise blood glucose 2. Enhances sympathetic nervous system 3. Anti-inflammatory
26
Cortisol prescribed
Organ transplant patients
27
What causes the release of adrenaline
Stressful situation
28
Six effects/actions of adrenaline
1. Increase rate of heart contraction 2. Increased cardiac output 3. Increase blood pressure 4. Increase blood flow 5. Dilate airways 6. Increase blood glucose levels
29
What is noradrenaline
Increase in blood pressure
30
What are the two hormones that control blood calcium levels?
1. Parathyroid hormone- Increase blood calcium levels | 2. Calcitonin hormone- Decreases blood calcium levels
31
Calcium in the body x3
1. Bone health 2. Muscle contraction 3. Cardiovascular system
32
3 actions of the parathyroid hormone
1. Raise blood calcium 2. Reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys 3. Activates vitamin D
33
Calcitonin actions
1. Increase bone calcium content | 2. Decrease blood calcium level
34
What is calcitriol?
Active vitamin D
35
2 Effects of calcitriol
1. Increase calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine 2. Enhances the actions of parathyroid hormone which resorbs bone
36
2 hormones the regulate blood glucose levels
Insulin and glucagon
37
What is the cell that secretes insulin and glucagon?
Islet cells in the pancreas
38
Insulin function and secretion
Function- Lowers blood glucose levels | Secretion- Blood glucose levels are high
39
Glucagon function and secretion
Function- Raises blood glucose | secretion- Blood glucose levels are low
40
3 ways blood glucose is raised
1. Adrenaline 2. Growth hormone 3. Cortisol
41
Melatonin location produced and function
Produced- From pineal gland Location- in the brain Function- Melatonin is a body's natural body clock. The daily cycle of light and darkness
42
What are the three stages of the stress response?
1. Initial fight or flight response- Adrenaline hormone 2. The resistance reaction- Cortisol, growth hormone, and thyroxine 3. Exhaustion- Cortisol hormone
43
What are the effects of prolonged cortisol?
wasting of muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract and failure of the pancreatic beta cells
44
2 Stress health implications
1. Chronic disease | 2. Dying prematurely
45
2 age-related changes to the endocrine system
1. Decreased production of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, and oestrogen 2. Increased production of parathyroid hormone

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