endocrine system

Question 1

acromegly

Answer 1

disorder of the pituitary gland and growth hormone in adulthood, resulting in overgrowth of only extremities (feet, hands, brow bone, jaw) due to already fused growth plates in long bones
enlarged heart
usually due to tumour
mortality rate 2-3x higher

Question 2

adrenal medulla

Answer 2

inside of the adrenal medulla which regulates short term stress responses (fight or flight)

Question 3

adrenal cortex

Answer 3

outside of the adrenal cortex which regulates long term responses

Question 4

alpha cells

Answer 4

cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon and increase blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback

Question 5

beta cells

Answer 5

cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin and decrease blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback

Question 6

circadian rhythm

Answer 6

24 hour sleep cycle that follows the seasons. melatonin at night to signal body for sleep

Question 7

congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 7

under secretion of thyroid hormones in childhood
can cause stunted growth, neurological impairment, physical deformities
short and stocky
treated with thyroxine injections

Question 8

corpus luteum

Answer 8

gland like structure that forms on the ovary after the egg leaves each month, which produces progesterone to prepare the body for pregnancy. goes away when no longer needed

Question 9

dwarfism

Answer 9

disorder of the pituitary gland where not enough growth hormone is produced before 25. (hyposecretion of GH) AKA proportional dwarfism.
normal functions
can be treated by GH injections

Question 10

endocrine gland

Answer 10

glands which release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream for target tissues
ex: thyroid

Question 11

exocrine gland

Answer 11

glands which release their secretions (other substances) into ducts for set destinations
ex. sweat

Question 12

follicle

Answer 12

small sac of fluid, which ex. carry eggs in the ovaries

Question 13

gigantism

Answer 13

rare pituitary gland disorder of over secretion of GH in childhood (tumour on pituitary)
grow tall proportionally
dangerous for heart

Question 14

gland

Answer 14

an organ in the body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge

Question 15

glycogen

Answer 15

short term storage of glucose in the liver and muscle cells.
stimulated by glucagon to release sugars
excess glucose not here becomes fat

Question 16

goiter

Answer 16

enlargement of the thyroid as a symptom of graves disease, and a lack of iodine

Question 17

hyperthyroidism

Answer 17

over production of the thyroid causing anxiety, irritability, weight loss, bulging eyes, goiters
autoimmune disease

Question 18

hypothyroidism

Answer 18

under production of the thyroid causing weight gain, feeling always cold, hair loss, puffy face, fatigue

Question 19

islets of langerhans

Answer 19

groups of pancreatic cells releasing insulin and glucagon which played a vital role in the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best

Question 20

negative biofeedback

Answer 20

feedback cycle which maintains a product within a set range, where an overproduction of one hormone may inhibit the next, or vice versa
ex: insulin

Question 21

positive biofeedback

Answer 21

the constant rise in a hormone reinforcing another one until there is a particular outcome and is usually sustained short term
ex. oxytocin in childbirth

Question 22

protein-type hormone

Answer 22

water soluble amino acid based hormones which follow the 2 messenger model
receptors on surface of cell
cause cascade which amplifies response

Question 23

steroid hormone

Answer 23

lipid soluble hormones made of cholesterol which follow the 1 messenger model
easily diffuse across membrane so receptors are inside cell
activates genes in nucleus

Question 24

prostaglandins

Answer 24

“local hormones” which do not need to enter the bloodstream for transport because they affect locally to where they are made
may modify other hormones

Question 25

target tissues

Answer 25

tissues which have receptors for a given hormone | the set destination of a hormone where its affects are greatest

Question 26

ovulation

Answer 26

``` a process of the female reproductive system in the ovaries where the egg is released FSH stimulate the production of the egg (high estrogen before LH) LH stimulates the release corpus luteum is created progesterone and estrogen released ```

Question 27

adrenaline

Answer 27

main hormone of adrenal medulla (85%) short term stress response prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles liver release glucose for glycogen dilate pupils decrease blood flow to extremities

Question 28

noradrenaline

Answer 28

gland: adrenal gland secondary hormone of adrenal medulla (15%) short term stress response prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles liver release glucose for glycogen dilate pupils decrease blood flow to extremities

Question 29

estrogen

Answer 29

gland: ovaries development of uterus/ovaries and female reproductive system (fetus development) , as well as secondary sex characteristics (breasts/hips) also targets the brain and bone helps regulate the menstrual cycle

Question 30

progesterone

Answer 30

gland: ovaries prepares for pregnancy stimulates the lining of uterus for fertilization and breasts for milk regulates menstrual cycle with estrogen

Question 31

insulin

Answer 31

gland: pancreas targets most body tissues beta cells reduces blood sugar by binding to receptors on target cells to allow cells to let in glucose

Question 32

glucagon

Answer 32

gland: pancreas targets skeletal muscle and liver cells increases blood sugar by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood

Question 33

parathormone

Answer 33

gland: parathyroid glands targets bones, kidneys, and large intestine important regulator of blood calcium levels stimulates release of calcium from bones reduces loss of calcium in urine and stimulates production of Vitamin D in kidneys increases calcium absorption in large intestine

Question 34

melatonin

Answer 34

``` gland: pineal gland targets brain regulates sleep directly affected by sunlight follows circadian rhythm affects mood ```

Question 35

TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 35

gland: pituitary | stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

Question 36

GH | growth hormone

Answer 36

gland: pituitary targets most tissues stimulates growth all over active in childhood

Question 37

LH | luteinizing hormone

Answer 37

gland: pituitary targets reproductive organs (gonads) female: controls ovulation and corpus luteum male: secretion of testosterone

Question 38

FSH | follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 38

gland: pituitary targets gonads causes follicles to develop eggs causes testis to develop sperm

Question 39

prolactin

Answer 39

gland: ovaries | targets mammary glands (breasts) to initiate and maintain milk production

Question 40

oxytocin

Answer 40

gland: posterior pituitary targets uterus and mammary glands stimulates contractions in childbirth triggers milk to move to top of ducts in breast

Question 41

testosterone

Answer 41

gland: testis development of male reproductive system (fetus) secondary sex characteristics (deep voice, body hair, male body, muscles)

Question 42

inhibin

Answer 42

gland: testis acts on the hypothalamus to control FSH impacts sperm formation

Question 43

thymus

Answer 43

in the chest, between breastbone and lungs

Question 44

thyroxine

Answer 44

gland: thyroid targets all body controls metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates increase rate of cellular respiration