Endocrine System

Question 1

Exocrine glands

Answer 1

release enzymes to the environment through ducts

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

release hormones directly into the blood

Question 3

all the peptide hormones

Answer 3

anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, parathyroid, pancreatic and thyroid C cell hormones

Question 4

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 4

FSH, LSH, ACTH, HGH, TSH and prolactin

Question 5

what are the posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 5

ADH and oxytocin

Question 6

what are the pancreatic hormones

Answer 6

glucagon and insulin

Question 7

what are the thyroid C cell hormones

Answer 7

calcitonin

Question 8

steroid hormones

Answer 8

glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadal hormones

Question 9

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 9

aka vasopressin is a small peptide which allows the kidney’s collecting ducts to absorb water

Question 10

oxytocin

Answer 10

a small peptide hormone that increases uterine contractions during pregnancy - causing milk production

Question 11

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 11

a peptide that stimulates the thyroid T3 and T4, using a second messenger system called cAMP

Question 12

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 12

a peptide that stimulates growth in cells

Question 13

prolactin

Answer 13

a peptide that stimulates milk production

Question 14

parathyroid

Answer 14

a peptide that increases blood calcium by increasing osteocyte absorption of calcium and stimulating the increase of osteoclasts

Question 15

basal metabolic rate

Answer 15

amount of energy expended at rest in one day

Question 16

calcitonin

Answer 16

a large peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium by decreasing the activity of osteoclasts

Question 17

mineralocorticoids

Answer 17

a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and affects the amount of electrolytes in the blood

Question 18

glucocorticoids

Answer 18

a steroid that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and increases blood glucose concentration

Question 19

aldosterone

Answer 19

a mineralocorticoid that plays a role in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct to increase the sodium and calcium ion reabsorption as well as potassium and proton secretion

Question 20

cortisol

Answer 20

a glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis

Question 21

type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

occurs when the immune system attack the Beta cells in the pancreas. When there are no Beta cells, there is no insulin, therefore there is no regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 22

tropic hormones

Answer 22

are released by endocrine glands and act upon another endocrine gland
they are secreted by the anterior pituitary

Question 23

blood chemistry hormones

Answer 23

regulate the concentration of Na, Ca and glucose in the blood

Question 24

what is osmolarity primarily determined by

Answer 24

sodium concentrations

Question 25

what are sertoli cells

Answer 25

stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and nurture the spermatocytes and spermatids

Question 26

what are leydig cells

Answer 26

when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone, they will release testosterone

Question 27

what is the order of the production of sperm

Answer 27

seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis

Question 28

what is another word for the bulbourethral glands

Answer 28

Cowper's glands

Question 29

what is the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle

Answer 29

begins with the development of the follicle and ends at ovulation

Question 30

what is the luteal phase

Answer 30

begins with ovulation and ends with the degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans

Question 31

what are the three primary germ layers

Answer 31

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 32

senescence

Answer 32

a process when the cells stop growing because of environmental stressors and these are then cleared away by the immune system

Question 33

what is the ectoderm

Answer 33

the outermost layer of skin, nervous system and sense organs

Question 34

what is the mesoderm

Answer 34

the skeleton, muscles, heart, gonads and kidney

Question 35

what is the endoderm

Answer 35

liver, pancreas, thymus and thyroid