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Microanatomy Il > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Autocrine signaling means

A

Cell’s hormones act on itself

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2
Q

Paracrine signaling means

A

Cell’s hormones act on neighboring cells

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3
Q

Endocrine signaling means

A

Cell’s hormones travel via blood and acts on distant target cells

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4
Q

Water soluble protein/glycoprotein mechanism

A

1) Bind with cell membrane receptors

2) activate second messenger

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5
Q

Lipid soluble steroid mechanism

A

1) cross cell membrane & bind w/ cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

2) activate DNA transcription

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6
Q

Function of major endocrine organs

A

Sole function is to synthesize and secrete hormones

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7
Q

Examples of major endocrine organs

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland

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8
Q

Define endocrine components within other organs

A

Endocrine cells distributed in organs that don’t have endocrine functions

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9
Q

Examples of endocrine components in other organs and their locations (4)

A

1) islets of langerhans in the pancreas

2) leydig cells in the testes

3) granulosa and theca cells in ovary

4) JG cells in the kidney

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10
Q

Define diffuse endocrine cells

A

Endocrine cells that are distributed individually or in small groups within digestive epithelium

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11
Q

Example of diffuse endocrine cells

A

Argentaffin cells

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12
Q

Adenohypophysis is made of what three structures

A

1) Pars distalis

2) Pars tuberalis

3) Pars intermedia

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13
Q

What organ does the adenohypophysis develop from

A

Rathke’s pouch

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14
Q

What two structures make up the neurohypophysis

A

1) pars nervosa

2) infundibulum

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15
Q

Generally, what is the neurohypophysis

A

Invagination of the hypophysis

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16
Q

The remnant of Rathke’s pouch is

A

Space between pars intermedia and pars distalis

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17
Q

Structures of the anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

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18
Q

Structures of posterior pituitary

A

Infundibulum and pars nervosa

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19
Q

Special feature of the pituitary gland in the horse, cat, and dog

A

It is compressed dorso-ventrally

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20
Q

Name the two sources of the pituitary gland’s development

A

1) Pharyngeal ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)

2) Neuro-ectoderm of hypothalamus (diencephalon)

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21
Q

4 steps of development of the pituitary gland

A

1) outgrowths of tissue appear from hypothalamus and roof of the mouth

2) the two outgrowths fuse

3) immature anterior pituitary lobe separates from roof of the mouth

4) anterior and posterior lobes mature and bony sella turcica forms

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22
Q

Pars distalis is the ________ part of the pituitary

A

Largest

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23
Q

Two main cell types of pars distalis are:

A

1) chromophil (stained cytoplasm)

2) chromophobe (unstained cytoplasm, has stem cells for chromophil)

24
Q

Two subdivisions of the chromophils

A

1) acidophils

2) basophils

25
Q

Characteristics of acidophils

A

1) PAS -ve

2) protein secretion

26
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

1) PAS +ve

27
Q

Name the two cells that are considered acidophils

A

1) Somatotroph (GH)

2) Lactotroph/mammotroph (prolactin)

28
Q

Name three cell types considered basophils

A

1) gonadotroph (FSH & LH)

2) thyrotroph (TSH)

3) corticotroph (ACTH)

29
Q

Cells in the pars intermedia are called

A

Melanotroph (secrete MSH)

30
Q

Colloid-containing cysts can be found in________ and are remnants of _______ ______

A

1) pars intermedia

2) Rathke’s pouch

31
Q

Clin sig of corticotrophs of the pars intermedia, especially in horses

A

Corticotrophs hypertrophy, causing excessive secretion of ACTH, which causes excessive secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex, leading to Cushing’s syndrome

32
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin is a precursor for…

A

MSH, ACTH, and B endorphin

33
Q

Pars nervosa contain axons of what two nerves

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

34
Q

Supraoptic and paraventricular axons have cell bodies in

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

What do herring bodies do

A

Are a secretion that covers distal ends of the supraoptic and paraventricular axons

36
Q

Axons are surrounded by

A

Pituicytes (type of oligodendrocytes)

37
Q

Hormone and target site(s) of supraoptic nuclei

A
  • Hormone: vasopressin
  • Target site(s): blood vessels & collecting tubules
38
Q

Hormone and target sites of paraventricular nuclei

A
  • Hormone: oxytocin
  • Target sites: mammar gland & uterus
39
Q

List the steps of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system in order

A
  • hypothalmic secretions enter primary capillary plexus
  • then they drain into hyothalamus-hypophyseal portal vein
  • hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal vein drains into secondary capillary plexus that surrounds acidophils and basophils
40
Q

Dwarfism

A

Low GH before puberty

41
Q

Gigantism

A

Higher GH before puberty

42
Q

Acromegaly

A

High GH after puberty

43
Q

Hypo/hyper-thyroidism

A

Low/High TSH

44
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Low ACTH

45
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

High ACTH

46
Q

Prolactinemia

A
  • high prolactin due to tumor of mammortophs
  • common in humans
  • leads to male infertility
47
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Low ADH

48
Q

Releasing hormone, target, and effects of LH

A
  • Releasing hormone: GnRH
  • Target: Reproductive system
  • Effects: stimulate sex hormone production by gonads
49
Q

Releasing hormone, Target, and effects of FSH

A
  • Releasing hormone: GnRH
  • Target: Reproductive system
  • Effects: stimulate production of sperm and eggs
50
Q

Releasing hormone, target, and effects of TSH

A
  • Releasing hormone: TRH
  • Target: thyroid gland
  • effects: stimulate release of thyroid hormone which regulates metabolism
51
Q

Inhibiting hormone, target, and effects of PRL

A
  • Inhibiting hormone: PIH (dopamine-bromocryptine)
  • Target: mammary glands
  • Effects: promotes milk production
52
Q

Releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone, target, and effects of GH

A
  • Releasing hormone: GHRH
  • Inhibiting hormone: GHIH
  • Target: liver, bone, muscle
  • Effects: induces insulin-like growth factor production in targets. Causes body growth and higher metabolism
53
Q

Releasing hormone, target, and effects of ACTH

A
  • Releasing hormone: CRG
  • Target: Adrenal glands
  • Effects: Causes production of glucocorticoids in targets. Regulates metabolism and stress response
54
Q

Releasing hormone, targets, and effects of ADH

A
  • Releasing hormone: ADH
  • Targets: kidneys, sweat glands, and circulatory system
  • Effects: water balance
55
Q

Target and effects of OT

A
  • Target: female reproductive system
  • Effects: triggers uterine contractions during child birth
56
Q

List anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • ACTH
  • TSH

-GH

-PRL

-FSH

-LH

57
Q

List posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • ADH
  • OT

Microanatomy Il (3 decks)

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