Endocrine system

Question 1

hyper secretion diseases occur due to

Answer 1

glandular hyperplasia or functional tumor (adenoma or carcinoma)

Question 2

hypo secretion diseases occur due to

Answer 2

glandular atrophy or destructive carcinoma

Question 3

dysfunctional diseases are characterized by

Answer 3

different changes of hormonal production with production of active precursors

Question 4

hormones secreted by peripheral glands may exert

Answer 4

negative feedback on hypothalamic or anterior pituitary cells

Question 5

pituitary tropic hormones may exert

Answer 5

negative feedback on hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

Question 6

define hypopituitarism

Answer 6

underactive pituitary gland

Question 7

define hyperpituitarism

Answer 7

excess production of pituitary hormones from tumor

Question 8

what diseases are caused by hyper-function of anterior pituitary gland

Answer 8

• gigantism and acromegaly
• hyperprolactinemia and Cushing syndrome

Question 9

hyper-function of posterior pituitary gland can lead to

Answer 9

inappropriate release of ADH
- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Question 10

what is difference between giagantism and acromegaly

Answer 10

• adult is acromegaly and child is gigantism (increase GH release)

Question 11

hypo function of anterior pituitary can lead to

Answer 11

Meehan’ syndrome and dwarfism

Question 12

hypo function of posterior pituitary can lead to

Answer 12

diabetes insipidus

Question 13

people with prolactinomas experience what symptoms

Answer 13

galactorrhea, infertility, decreased libido, and amenorrhea

Question 14

Cushing syndrome occurs due to

Answer 14

ACTH- recreating pituitary adenoma

Question 15

elevated T4 and TSH is associated with

Answer 15

hyperthyroid patient

Question 16

what is the most common type of hyper functioning pituitary adenoma

Answer 16

prolactinomas (lactotroph adenomas)

Question 17

Sheehan’s syndrome is characterized by

Answer 17

• failure of lactation
• loss of pubic and axillary hair
• deficiency of GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 18

symptoms of Sheehan’s syndrome are

Answer 18

• no lactation
• hypotension
• tachycardia
• hypoglycemia

Question 19

what causes Sheehan’s syndrome

Answer 19

postpartum hemorrhage and acute infarction and necrosis

Question 20

diabetes insipidus is caused from

Answer 20

lack of antidiuretic hormone

Question 21

what characteristics are seen in diabetes insipidus

Answer 21

• polyuria
• polydipsia
• hypernatremia

Question 22

SIADH is caused from

Answer 22

too much ADH secretion and get retention of fluid

Question 23

SIADH has what clinical manifestations

Answer 23

• low serum sodium
• fatigue, weakness, twitching, convulsions, and coma

Question 24

Describe difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Answer 24

Type 1: insulin dependent, autoimmune, decreased insulin production
Type 2: insulin resistant, cell insensitivity to insulin, risk factor for obesity

Question 25

Symptoms of Hypoglycemic coma are

Answer 25

- shakes, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, pale, mental changes, lethargy, seizure

Question 26

hypoglycemic coma can be caused from

Answer 26

insulin overdose or XS exercise

Question 27

Describe characteristics of hypoglycemic coma

Answer 27

rapid, no acidosis, normal bp, normal breathing, pale skin, tremors, confusion, blood sugar less than 70

Question 28

describe characteristics of hyperglycemic coma

Answer 28

slow, ketoacidosis, bp in shock, air hunger respiration, skin hot and dry, depression of CNS, blood sugar over 200, elevated ketones

Question 29

symptoms of hypocalcemia

Answer 29

neuromuscular irritability, carpopedal spasm, seizures

Question 30

pathology of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 30

hyper-function of parathyroid cells from hyperplasia, adenoma, or carcinoma

Question 31

what is seen in hyperparathyroidism

Answer 31

high calcium, low or normal phosphate

Question 32

elevated PTH suggests what

Answer 32

hyperparathyroidism

Question 33

what's the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 33

parathyroid adenoma

Question 34

secondary hyperparathyroidism is most associated with

Answer 34

renal failure

Question 35

hypoparathyroidism is caused from

Answer 35

decrease of parathyroid hormone (decreased Ca and increased Ph)

Question 36

what symptoms are seen in hypoparathyroidism

Answer 36

tetany, numbness/tingling, cramps, positive trousseau's signs, hypotension, anxiety

Question 37

what are symptoms of hyperparathyoidism

Answer 37

fatigue, weakness, pain, deformities, anorexia, wt loss, constipation, hypertension, cardiac dysthymia's, renal stones

Question 38

primary causes of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 38

parathyroid adenoma; benign

Question 39

clinical manifestations of parathyroid adenoma

Answer 39

females more prone; renal calculi, weakness, osteoporosis, bone resorption, mental change, seizures

Question 40

the actions of GH are mediates by

Answer 40

insulin like growth factor (IGF) made in liver and cartilage

Question 41

the common causes of growth hormone deficiency

Answer 41

- pituitary defect or hypothalamic dysfunction - hypo secretion of GH

Question 42

common causes of growth hormone excess

Answer 42

- tumor of GH producing cells in anterior pituitary

Question 43

Addisons disease is caused from

Answer 43

lack of cortisol from primary adrenal failure

Question 44

what does 21-hydroxylase deficiency lead to

Answer 44

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 45

characteristics of cretinism

Answer 45

congenital, short stature, thick tongue, protruding abdomen, mental retardation, lack of hair

Question 46

what causes diffuse nontoxic goiter

Answer 46

dietary iodine deficiency