Endocrine system Flashcards by Tsion Solomon

what are the organs of the endocrine system?

*thyroid gland
*Thymus gland
*Adrenal gland
*Parathyroid gland
*pancreas
*pineal gland
*hypothalamus
*Pituitary gland
*Ovaries
*Testes

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what is the pituitary gland also called?

hypophysis

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where is the pituitary gland located?

inferior to the hypothalamus
connected by infudibulum

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what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

the anterior and posterior lobe

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what gland plays an important role in regulating the activity of other endocrine glands?

Pituitary gland

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what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also called?

neurohypophysis

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what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also composed of?

neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

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what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland also called?

adenohypophysis

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what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland also composed of?

glandular tissue

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what is the anterior lobe regulated by?

Hypothalamus

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what is the growth hormone target?

bones,muscles, & other tissues

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what is the growth hormone action?

stimulate growth and divison

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what is the Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) target?

Adrenal cortex

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what is the Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) action?

stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones

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what is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

thyroid gland

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what is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) action?

stimulates the release of thyroid hormones

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what is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action?

stimulates the development of ova and sperm

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what is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target?

gonads

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what is the Luteinizing hormone target?

gonads

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what is the Luteinizing (LH) hormone action?

stimulates secretion of sex hormones

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what is the prolactin (PRL) hormone target?

mammary glands

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what is the prolactin hormone (PRL) action?

stimulates milk production

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what is the target of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

melanocytes

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what is the action of melanocytes-stimulating hormone(MSH)

stimulates melanin production

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what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

*growth hormone *Adrenocorticotrophic hormone *thyroid-stimulating *follicle stimulating *luteinizing hormone *Prolactin *Melanocyte-stimulating

what is the hormone of the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

*antidiuretic *oxytocin

what is the antidiuretic hormone target?

renal tubules

what is the antidiuretic hormone action?

stimulate water reabsorption

what is the target of oxytocin?

uterus and mammary glands

what is the action of oxytocin?

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery and release of milk

where is the thyroid gland located?

anterior neck

what is stored in the colloid before being released into the bloodstream?

thyroxine and triiodothyronnie

what secretes calcitonin?

parafollicular cells

what is secreted by follicle cells?

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

what is the target of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

every cell in the body

what is the action of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

*regulate oxygen utilization *regulate rate of metabolism of the cells

what is the target of calcitonin?

bone and kidneys

what is the action of calcitonin?

*reduce blood calcium levels (calciums->bone->excreted by kidneys)

what are the parathyroid glands composed of?

chief cells and oxyphil cells

what do chief cells secrete?

Parathyroid hormone

what is the target of the parathyroid hormone?

bone and kidneys

what are the actions of the parathyroid hormone?

*raise blood calcium level

where are the adrenal gland located?

above each kidney

what are the two regions of the adrenal cortex?

*outer cortex *inner medulla

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

Corticosteroids hormones

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

flight or fight hormones Epinephrine and norepinephrine

what is the target of mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)?

kidneys

what is the action of mineralocorticoids?

increase renal reabsorption of sodium

what is the target of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

most cells

what is the action of glucocorticoids?

affects rate of glucose metabolic

what is the target of Androgens?

little affect

what is the action of androgens?

Precursor of male and female sex hormones

what are the hormone located in the adrenal cortex?

*mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) *Glucocorticoids (cortisol) *Androgens

what are the hormones in the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

what does epinephrine target?

most cells

what is the action of epinephrine

*increase cardiac activity *Blood pressure *Blood glucose levels

what does norepinephrine target?

most cells

what is the action of norepinephrine?

*increase cardiac activity *Blood pressure *Blood glucose levels

what is zona glomerulosa part of?

adrenal cortex

what secretes mineralocorticoids?

Zona glomerulosa

what is the zona reticularis a part of?

adrenal cortex

what secretes androgens?

zona reticularis

what are the endocrine cells found in the pancreas?

pancreatic islet

what do pancreatic islets secrete?

Insulin and glucagon

Are pancreatic acini exocrine or endocrine?

exocrine

what do pancreatic acini cells secrete?

secrete digestive enzymes and buffers

what kind of cells are beta cells?

endocrine cells

what doe beta cells secrete?

insulin

what kind of cells are alpha cells?

endocrine cells

what do alpha cells secrete?

glucagon

what is the target of insulin hormone?

every cell in body

what is the action of the insulin hormone?

*lower blood glucose levels

what is the target of glucagon hormone?

Liver

what is the action of the glucagon hormone?

raise the blood glucose level

Diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone

Diabetes mellitus

hyposecretion of insulin

Dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone

Gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone

Hashimoto disease (low metabolic rate¸ weakness¸ mental and physical sluggishness)

hyposecretion of T3 and T4

Hypoglycemia (low levels of glucose)

hyposecretion of insulin

Pheochromocytoma—increased heart rate¸ and blood pressure

hypersecretion of epinephrine

Recklinghausen’s disease of bone—the bones lose calcium and the blood calcium level is too high

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Tetany—low blood level of calcium¸ leading to muscle and nerve irritability

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

Virilism—the appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female

hypersecretion of androgens

what do intestinal cells secrete?

Testosterone

what are parafollicular cells also called?

Clear or C cells

what is the circadian rhythm?

The body 24-hour clock