Endocrine system Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
Glands which secretes hormones into the bloodstream which transport them to the organs.
Hypothalamus?
In the brain, control center of the endocrine system. Links nervous and endocrine system. Regulates the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland?
Near bottom of brain. Control many other glands. Two lobes which produce different hormones, for example growth hormones.
Pineal gland
Small gland in the brain. Help produce melatonin.
Thyroid gland
Front of the neck. Regulates metabolic processes, heat production, and development and function of other organ systems.
Parathyroid glands?
Set of 4 glands near or within the thyroid gland. Release hormones which maintain calcium and phosphorus levels (important for bone development).
Adrenal glands?
One on top of each kidney. Consist of medulla and cortex. Release hormones which help regulate critical functions in the body like blood pressure. Medulla release epinephrine which increase heart rate and blood flow to the muscles. Cortex helps control blood sugar levels and regulates blood pressure.
Pancreas?
Near the stomach and small intestine. Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones which help maintain glucose levels. Secretes insulin when blood sugar is too high. Release glucagon if level is too low.
Epicrine transmission?
Hormones passing through gap junctions of adjacent cells without entering interstitial fluid.
Neurocrine transmission?
Hormones diffuse through synaptic clefts between neurons
Paracrine transmission?
hormones diffuse through interstitial fluid.
Endocrine transmission?
Hormones are transported through blood circulation.
Exocrine transmission?
Hormones are secreted to the intestinal lumen (exterior of the body)
Hormone categories? (3)
Amine, Peptide, Steroid
2 parts of the pituitary gland?
Anterior lobe & Posterior lobe, located in a bony recess at the base of the brain
Anterior pituitary, what are the 5 cell types and what are the 7 hormones secreted?
Somatrope cells-growth (somatropic) hormone(STH)
Corticotrope cells- adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and beta-lipotropin hormone(B-LPH)
Mammotrope cells- prolactin
Thyrotrope cells- thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
Gonadotrope cells- follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)
What is diuresis?
when and animal has been given an excess amount of water, then an increased output of dilute urine occurs.
Thyroid gland, where is it located and what is it composed of?
on the trachea, caudal to the larynx. Composed by many follicles lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells, and filled with colloid fluid.
What is the classification of thyroid hormones?
Amine, derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
What is the function of thyroid hormones?
Increase internal heat, thereby increasing the rate of oxygen consumption. Increase certain metabolic activities by stimulating/activating some key enzymes.
Common signs of hyperthyroidism?
Fatigue, weight loss, hunger, nervousness, aggression, heat sensitivity, thyroid increase in size
Common signs of hypothyroidism?
Lethargy, hair loss, dry and dull hair, cold sensitivity, and anemia, thyroid increase in size if iodine deficiency is the reason
What is a gland?
cell or cells or a whole organ which produce, store and secrete substances
Hormone structures (3)?
amino acids, protein, steroids
