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SBI4U - Biology > Endocrine & Nervous System > Flashcards

Endocrine & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Tendency for the body to maintain relative constant internal environment
  • Dynamic process
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2
Q

Components of Feedback Systems

A
  • Sensor
  • Control centre
  • Effector
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3
Q

Sensor

A

Body structure that detects changes

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4
Q

Control Centre

A
  • Body structure that set range which variable should be maintained
  • Sends signals to effector when there are changes
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5
Q

Effector

A

Body structure that responds to signal from control centre to change

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6
Q

Negative Feedback System

A
  • Works to reverse change
  • Thermoregulation
  • Blood glucose
  • BP
  • pH
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7
Q

Positive Feedback System

A
  • Works to increase change
  • Blood clotting
  • Childbirth, cramps
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8
Q

Nervous System uses

A

Electrical signals (nerves)

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9
Q

Endocrine System uses

A

Chemical signals (hormones)

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10
Q

Gland

A

Secretes specific chemical

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11
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical made in glands that are secreted into blood
  • Indirectly affect cells by initiating a series of events
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12
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Soluble in lipids
  • Hormones binds to receptor inside nucleus to activate/inhibit gene
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13
Q

Protein Hormones

A
  • Amino acid chain
  • Soluble in water (insulin, GH)
  • Hormones attaches to binds to cell membrane receptors to send signal for change
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14
Q

Hypothalamus makes & connects to

A

Neurohormones that move through portal veins into pituitary

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15
Q

Pituitary Gland, consists of

A
  • Posterior lobe: stores ADH & oxytocin made by hypothalamus
  • Anterior Lobe: makes its own hormones that are released under control of the hypothalamus
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16
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Primary thyroid hormone = T4
  • T4 turns into T3
  • T4 finds when cells need to consume O2 & nutrients
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17
Q

Negative feedback loop for Thyroid

A
  • T3 inhibits anterior pituitary
  • T4 inhibits hypothalamus
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18
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A
  • Endocrine cells in prancreas
  • Alpha cells make glucagon
  • Beta cells make insulin
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19
Q

Insulin works by

A

Decreasing lvls by makes cells put protein channels into membrane to allows glucose in through, facilitates diffusion

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20
Q

Glucagon works by

A

Increasing glucose levels

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21
Q

Adrenal Glands compose of

A
  • Cortex: outer layer
  • Medulla: inner layer
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22
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • Short term stress
  • Triggered by amygdala & hypothalamus
  • Releases epinephrine
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23
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • Long term stress
  • Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
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24
Q

Coracoid hormones

A
  • Mineralocoraticoids: increases BP
  • Gondacorticoids: supplement sex hormones
  • Glucocorticoids: increases sugar
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25
Q

Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone

A
  • Cholesterol hormone
  • Reabsorption of Na through H2O to increas BP
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26
Q

Gondacorticoids

A

Promotes secondary sexual characteristics

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27
Q

Glucocorticoids: Cortisol

A
  • Cholesterol hormone
  • ACTH from pituitary gland causes release of cortisol
  • Cortisol raises sugar through breakdown of muscle protein into glucose
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28
Q

Testes composed of

A
  • Seminiferous tubules: sperm is made
  • Interstitial cells: secretes testosterone
29
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

30
Q

Oogenesis

A

Making of an ovum

31
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A
  • Follicular stage: FSH stimulates follicle to mature, releasing estrogen & progesterone
  • Estrogen lvls cause LH surge
  • LH surge causes follicle to move through fallopian tube
32
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Estrogen, progesterone stimulate development of uterine lining

33
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • Follicle becomes this
  • Makes progesterone, which allows lining to stay
34
Q

Andropause

A

Decline in testosterone around 40 yrs

35
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support neurons

36
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin by wrapping around axon

37
Q

Neurilemma

A

Outermost membrane of schwann cells, promoting regeneration of damage axons

38
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Interneurons (links)
  • Motor neurons
39
Q

Nerve

A

Bundles of individual axons to form nerve fibres

40
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • Outside axon: positive, lots of Na
  • Inside axon: negative, lots of K + anions
  • -70mV
  • Polarized
  • Maintained by actively pumping
41
Q

Nerve Impulses Start by

A
  • Stimulus causing Na channels to open, flowing into cell
  • Depolarizes
  • Voltage gated channels open to start action potential
42
Q

Action potential

A
  • Change in charge
  • -50mV
  • Na flows in, K flows out
43
Q

Voltage Gated Sodium Channels

A
  • Na rushes in, raising to +40 mV
  • Na channel close & K channels open from change in charge, K flows out
  • Hyperpolarized, -90mV
44
Q

Refractory Period

A
  • Na-K pumps repolarizes membrane back to -70mV
  • Neuron can’t fire
45
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Space btwn schwann cells

46
Q

Salutatory Conduction

A

Conduction of impulse along myelinated neuron

47
Q

Neurotransmitters are made

A

By neurons & stored in synaptic vesicle at the end

48
Q

Releasing of neurotransmitters

A
  • Depolarization reaches causing voltage gated Ca channels open, flowing in
  • Ca causes vesicles to fuse w/cell membrane
49
Q

White matter is in

A
  • Inner region of brain areas
  • Outer region of spine cord
50
Q

Grey matter is in

A
  • Outside areas of brain
  • Core of spinal cord
51
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Link brain w/peripheral
  • Primary reflex centre: coordinates incoming/coming info
52
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of tough, elastic tissue enclosing the brain

53
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Glial cells & blood vessels separate blood from brain & spinal cord
  • Glial cells selectively allow things to pass
54
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • Dense, clear liquid from plasma
  • In cavities of brain, centre of spinal cord
  • Move hormones, WBC, nutrients across blood brain barrier
  • Shock absorber
55
Q

Main regions of Brain

A
  • Hindbrain: coordination & homeostasis
  • Midbrain: processing sensory input
  • Forebrain: thoughts, emotions
56
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Lower, back part of brain
  • Controls balance, coordination
  • Voluntary movements
57
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Base of brain stem
  • Maintains homeostasis
58
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Above pituitary
  • Survival behaviour
59
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Senses are sorted & interpreted
  • L & R hemispheres
  • Consciousness
60
Q

Cerebal Cortex

A
  • Thin layer of grey mater covering brain
  • Info processing
  • Memory, attention, awareness, personality, language
61
Q

PNS Consists of

A
  • Somatic
  • Automatic
62
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • Voluntary control
  • All myelinated
63
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • Controls involuntary glandular secretions, smooth muscles
  • Controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata
64
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • Releases norepinephrine, epinephrine
  • Increases BP, HR
65
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Restores, converse nrg
  • Acetylcholine
66
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Pancreas doesn’t make insulin/not enough insulin

67
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Body is resistant to insulin

68
Q

Pons

A
  • Part of brain stem
  • Connects brain to spinal cord

SBI4U - Biology (6 decks)

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