Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the 3 endocrine gland groups?
1: endocrine glands
2: other glands
3: diffuse endocrine system
State the function of each of the 3 groups of endocrine glands.
1: primary endocrine function
2: no endocrine function but secrete hormones
3: ‘partially endocrine’ function; house clusters of cells which secrete hormones
State examples of glands in group 1.
- hypophysis
- epiphysis
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal glands
State examples of glands in group 2.
- islets of Langerhaans
- thymus
- gonads (ovaries and testes)
- placenta
State examples of glands in group 3.
- heart
- kidney
- liver
- adipose tissue
- other
Where is the pituitary gland located?
- base of brain
- beneath the hypothalamus (diencephalon)
- caudal to chiasma opticum
- in fossa hypophysialis
What is the anatomical structure of the pituitary gland?
pituitary gland = hypophysis
2 parts:
1) ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
- anterior position
- pars distalis
- pars intermedia
- pars tuberalis
2) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Where is the pinneal gland located?
- within the brain
- in the epithalamus (diencephalon)
State the anatomical composition of the pinneal gland.
- unpaired
- small
- darkly pigmented
- structurally resembling a ‘pine cone’
Where is the thyroid gland located?
- neck region
- first part of the trachea
State the anatomical structure of the thyroid gland.
- brownish red
2 seperate glands connected by a ‘thread’ - lobus dexter
- lobus sinister
- isthmus (glandularis (car, bo)/fibrosus)
Explain the carnivore thyroid gland.
CARNIVORES:
- lobus dexter
- lobus sinister
- isthmus glandularis
dog: dorsal 1-5 tracheal rings
cat: dorsal 5-10 tracheal rings
Explain the pig thyroid gland.
- lobus dexter
- lobus sinister
- lobus pyramidalis (ventral)
ventral 1-8 tracheal rings
Explain the ruminant thyroid gland.
- lobus dexter
- lobus sinister
- isthmus fibrosus (ov, cap)
- isthmus glandularis (bo)
2-3 tracheal rings
Explain the equine thyroid gland
- lobus dexter
- lobus sinister
- isthmus fibrosus
1-2 tracheal rings
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
- posterior surface
- within the thyroid
internal: in the thyroid gland
external: on the lateral surface of the thyroid gland
State the anatomical structure and location of the parathyroid gland.
4 small glands:
1) INTERNAL:
car: IN the thyroid lobe
ru: IN thyroid lobe medial surface
su: absent?
2) EXTERNAL:
car: ON thyroid lobe lateral surface
ru: end of A. carotis communis
su: end of A. carotis communis
Explain the parathyroid gland of carnivores.
1) EXTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- loose fascia at the top pole
- lighter in colour than thyroid
- round and flat
2) INTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- within thyroid tissue
- unseen without dissection
Explain the parathyroid gland of ruminants.
OX:
1) EXTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- medial to the bifurcation of the A. carotis communis
- close to vagus nerve (n. cranialis laryngeus)
2) INTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- dorsal medial margin
- within the thyroid lobe
CAP/OV:
1) EXTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- medial to the bifurcation of the A. carotis communis
- caudodorsal to mandibular salivary gland
2) INTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- cranial pole of each lobe
Explain the parathyroid gland of equine.
1) EXTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- along the trachea
- near caudal deep cervical lymph nodes
2) INTERNAL P.T. GLAND:
- cranial 1/2 of lobe
Where is the adrenal gland located?
- craniomedial to the corresponding kidney
- retroperitoneal at the roof of the abdominal cavity
Explain the anatomical structure of the adrenal gland.
- paired
- dense fibrous connective tissue capsule
- partially burried in adipose tissue
- firm/solid body
2 parts:
1) outer cortex
2) inner medulla
Explain the adrenal gland of carnivores.
- yellowish/white
- dorsoventrally flattened
left: dorsolateral to the aorta
right: dorsolateral to the vena cava
Explain the adrenal gland of ruminants.
right:
- heart shaped
- medial margin of extremitas cranialis
left:
- bean shaped
- increased peritoneal fat (less constant position)
