Endocrine System Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
5 functions of the endocrine system
A
- splits reproductive and CNS of the fetus
- Stimulates sequential growth/development during puberty
- Coordination of reproductive systems
- Maintenance internal environment
- activated in emergencies
2
Q
what is the main center in the brain for endocrine + autonomic nervous systems
A
hypothalamus
3
Q
how does the hypothalamus control endocrine
A
by neural and hormonal pathways
4
Q
what type of feedback system is the endocrine system controlled by
A
negative feedback systems
5
Q
what is somatotropin’s target
A
bones, muscles, organs
aka growth hormone
6
Q
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target
A
ovaries, seminiferous tubules
7
Q
luteinizing hormone target
A
follicle
intestinal cells
8
Q
prolactin (PRL; luteotropic hormone) target
A
corpus luteum
breast
9
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target
A
adrenal cortex
10
Q
lipotropin (LPH) target
A
corticotropes (cells in anterior pituitary)
11
Q
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) target
A
melanotrope
(cells in anterior pituitary)
12
Q
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target
A
distal tubules of kidney
13
Q
oxytocin (OXT) target
A
uterus
14
Q
what 2 hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland
A
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
15
Q
basic action of growth hormone (somatotropin)
A
Stimulates growth and cell reproduction, releases insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver, retention of nitrogen to promote protein anabolism
16
Q
basic action of thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
Promotes secretory activity (T3 and T4)
17
Q
basic action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A
Promotes development of ovarian follicle, secretion of estrogen (females)
and
maturation of sperm (males)
18
Q
basic action of luteinizing hormone
A
Promotes ovulation
formation of corpus luteum
secretion of progesterone
secretion of testosterone
19
Q
basic action of prolactin
A
Maintains corpus luteum progesterone secretion
stimulates milk production
sexual gratification after sexual activity
20
Q
basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
Stimulates secretory activity synthesis of corticosteroids
21
Q
basic action of Lipotropin (LPH)
A
Breaks down fat (lipolysis)
stimulates melanin production
22
Q
basic action melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
A
Produces melanin in skin and hair
23
Q
basic action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
Reabsorption of water retention in kidneys
vasoconstriction
release ACTH in anterior pituitary
24
Q
basic action of oxytocin (OXT)
A
Stimulates contraction (cervix, vagina, orgasm)
releases breast milk
regulates circadian rhythm (body temperature, sleep–wake cycle, activity level)
25
what type of tissue is classified as an endocrine gland
adipose tissue
26
how is adipose tissue an endocrine gland
secretes hormones
27
what are 2 main causes of endocrine system dysfunctions
inflammation
tumor growth (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, etc)
28
ectopic hormone production
hormone production of cancer cells that causes paraneoplastic syndrome
29
neuroendocrine theory of aging
cells are programmed to function for a given amount of time
30
clinical symptoms of endocrine/metabolic diseases
fatigue
muscle weakness
muscle/bone pain
31
what autoimmune disorder can be an underlying sign of endocrine disease
rheumatoid arthritis
32
what is a symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome that indicates an endocrine disorder rather than an overuse issue
CTS presents BILATERALLY
33
what hormone and gland causes acromegaly
growth hormone
anterior pituitary gland
34
what are the 3 hormones produced by the thyroid
thyroxine (t4)
triiodothyronine (t3)
calcitonin
35
what thyroid hormone(s) regulate the metabolic rate of the body and increase protein synthesis
T3 and T4
36
what regulates the thyroid
hypothalamus
pituitary
37
hyperthyroidism symptoms
heat intolerance
weight loss
sweating
tremors
palpitations
38
graves disease is caused by
hyperthyroidism
39
autoimmune condition that increases T4 production
graves disease
40
thyroid storm
acute episode of thyroid over-activity
41
what autoantibody circulates in people with graves disease
TSI
(they react against thyroglobulin)
42
hypothyroidism symptoms
slowing of metabolism, heart, GI tract, and neurological functioning
cold intolerance
anemia
43
what is type II hypothyroidism
the failure of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release adequate amounts of TSH
(the hormone that stimulates the thyroid)
44
what is myxedema and what is it a symptom of
nonpitting, boggy edema around the eyes, hands, and feet
it is a symptom of hypothyroidism
45
TSH levels are always ____ in primary hypothyroidism
Elevated
46
T4 levels are always ___ in primary hypothyroidism
decreased
47
what are the main goals of hypothyroid treatment
correct thyroid hormone deficiency
reverse symptoms
prevent further cardiac/arterial damage
48
what does PTH regulate
calcium and phosphorus metabolism
49
where are the parathyroid glands located
posterior surface of each thyroid gland lobe
50
basic action of parathyroid hormone
calcium and phosphorus metabolism
calcification of bone
51
what does the parathyroid hormone target
bone
kidney
intestinal tract
52
hypoparathyroidism symptoms
decreased bone resorption
depressed serum calcium levels
elevated serum phosphate levels
53
t/f: PTH is regulated by the pituitary and the hypothalamus
FALSE: PTH maintains normal blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and GI absorption, NOT BY PITUITARY OR HYPOTHALAMUS
54
what disease could cause calcifications in the eyes and basal ganglia
hypoparathyroidism
55
tetany
neuromuscular irritability that causes involuntary muscle contractions
56
what are the 2 parts to the adrenal gland
outer cortex
inner medulla
57
the outer cortex secretes what 3 hormones
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens
58
what are mineralocorticoids what do they do
steroid hormones that regulate fluid and mineral balance
59
what are glucocorticoids and what do they do
steroid hormones responsible for controlling the glucose metabolism
60
what hormones does the medulla produce
epinephrine and norepinephrine
61
epinephrine + norepinephine's basic action
fight or flight
increased HR
vasoconstriction
increased BP
increased blood glucose
ACTH production
62
addison disease can be caused by (2)
1. decreased production of cortisol
2. aldosterone deficiency
63
what are some clinical symptoms of addison disease (cortisol deficiency)
weak/fatigued
hypotensive
anorexic/weight loss
nausea
less resistance to stress
hypoglycemia
64
in addisons disease, the drop in cortisol results in a failure to inhibit....
anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH
(results in a bronze/tan appearance)
65
what are some clinical symptoms of addison disease (aldosterone deficiency)
fluid/electrolyte imbalances
sodium excretion
dehydration
hypotension
decreased heart size
66
what is the hallmark of Addison disease
decreased serum cortisol levels
67
what do PTs need to watch out for in patients with addison disease
not to overstress the body
dizziness, nausea, tremors
68
is primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency more common
secondary is more common
69
how can secondary adrenal insufficiency develop (3)
1. steroid therapy
2. opportunistic infections due to HIV
3. removal of the pituitary or hypopituitarism
70
what hormone is responsible for the symptoms of secondary adrenal disease
cortisol ONLY
71
cushing syndrome cause
excess of cortisol in the body from either
1. hyperfunction
2. corticosteroid medication
72
what hormone responds to stress and is anti-inflammatory
cortisol
73
cortisol has a key role in ____ metabolism
glucose
74
cushing disease cause
hypercortisolism due to oversecretion of ACTH from the pituitary (usually tumor on anterior pituitary gland)
75
pseudo-cushing syndrome cause
depression, alcoholism, estrogen therapy, or eating disorders cause cushing syndrome-like symptoms
76
clinical symptoms of cushing syndrome
hyperglycemia
hypertension
proximal muscle wasting
osteoporosis
77
conn syndrome cause
adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone
78
what does an excess of aldosterone do in the kidneys
enhances sodium reabsorption
79
adipokines
proteins released by adipocytes after being induced by neurotransmitters and glucose
(basically the protein hormone fat produces in the body)
80
adipokines act as ____ hormones locally but as ____ hormones in the bloodstream
autocrine
endocrine
81
what is the function of adipokines
regulating appetite
energy expenditure
insulin sensitivity
lipid uptake
82
brown fat is important for
thermoregulation
83
white fat is responsible for
storage of triglycerols to provide long-term energy storage
84
fat accumulation in the lower body is called _____ and results in what kind of body shape
subcutaneous fat
pear-shaped
85
fat accumulation in the abdominal region is called _____ and results in what kind of body shape
visceral fat
apple shape
86
what 2 anthropometric measures are more predictive of visceral fat than BMI
waist circumference and waist-to-height ratios
87
bariatrics
branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity
88
normal range BMI
18.5-24.9
89
obese BMI
> or = to 30
90
overweight BMI for kids is in what percentile
85-94th percentile
91
islets constitute for __% to __% of the pancreas
1% to 2%
92
what cells produce and secrete insulin
beta cells
93
type 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin-dependent
94
type 2 diabetes mellitus
insulin resistant
95
is type I or type II diabetes more common
type II
96
is type I or type II diabetes autoimmune
type I
97
diabesity
obesity-dependent diabetes in childhood
98
when does gestational diabetes occur
24-28 weeks of gestation
99
what % of pregnancies are accompanies with gestational diabetes
8%
100
A1C % in prediabetes
5.7-6.4%
101
fasting blood sugar test levels in prediabetes
100-125 mg/dL
102
glucose tolerance test levels in prediabetes
140-199 mg/dL
103
what does A1C measure
the percent of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin
104
__% of the adult population in Texas have diabetes and __% have prediabetes
12.4%
34%
105
what causes type I diabetes
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, which results in a lack of insulin
106
3 steps to diabetes
1. insulin resistance
2. hyperglycemia
3. beta cell dysfunction
107
polyuria
excessive urination
108
polydipsia
excessive thirst
109
polyphagia
excessive hunger
110
5 main complications with type 2 diabetes
blindness
kidney failure
heart disease
stroke
loss of toes, feet, or legs
111
macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes
affecting arteries that supply heart, brain, and lower extremities
112
microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes
retina
renal glomerulus
peripheral nerve
113
hypoglycemia symptoms
shallow breathing
tachycardia
shaky/hungry/dizzy
114
hyperglycemia symptoms
dry
weak
fruity breath
thirst
115
which type of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mostly found in
type I
116
the triad of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
1. hyperglycemia
2. acidosis
3. ketosis
117
what are the ABC levels to be controlled when treating type II diabetes (and the values)
A1C = less than 7%
BP = less than 130/80
cholesterol = less than 100 LDL, more than 50 HDL, less than 150 triglycerides
118
what type of insulin does not have a peak response
long-acting insulin
119
type II diabetes raises a person's risk of dying from heart disease by ___ to ____x
2-3x
120
__% of myocardial infarctions and ___% of strokes are attributable to diabetes
50%
75%
