Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
hypothalamus
A
productions of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
2
Q
pituitary gland - anterior lobes
A
ACTRH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH
3
Q
pituitary gland - posterior lobe
A
release of oxytocin and ADH
4
Q
thyroid gland
A
- thyroxine
- triiodothyronine
- calcitonin
5
Q
adrenal glands - medulla
A
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
6
Q
adrenal glands - cortex
A
cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
7
Q
pancreas
A
- insulin
- glucagon
8
Q
pineal gland
A
melatonin
9
Q
parathyroid gland
A
parathryoid hormone
10
Q
organs with secondary endocrine functions
A
- heart
- thymus
- adipose tissue
- digestive tract
- kidneys
- gonads
11
Q
functions - detail
A
- regulates growth
- controls reproduction
- regulates sleep
- allows body to cope with stress, trauma and infection
- regulates circulation and red blood cell production
- controls digestion and absorption of food
- regulates metabolism, water and electrolyte balance
- homeostasis
12
Q
functions - general
A
regulates growth and activity of target cells in the body
13
Q
glucagon
A
- produced in pancreas
- raises blood sugar levels
14
Q
insulin
A
- produced in pancreas
- lowers blood sugar levels
15
Q
prolactin
A
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- milk production
16
Q
oxytocin
A
- produced in the hypothalamus
- released by the posterior pituitary
- smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast ducts
17
Q
parathyroid hormone
A
- produced in parathyroid gland
- raises blood Ca levels
18
Q
growth hormone
A
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- cell growth
19
Q
calcitonin
A
- produced in the thyroid gland
- lowers blood Ca levels
20
Q
thyroid hormones
A
- produced in the thyroid gland
- metabolism
21
Q
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
A
- produced in the hypothalamus
- stimulates TSH production
22
Q
thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- stimulates the thyroid gland
23
Q
thyroid hormone functions
A
- increase basal metabolic rate
- increased heat production
- stimulate protein synthesis
- stimulate usage of fuels
- enhanced sympathetic activity
- essential for normal growth and development
24
Q
release of growth hormone
A
- hypothalamus releases GnRH
- GnHR stimulates anterior pituitary
25
growth hormone effects
- glucose-sparing effect
- growth effect
- diabetogenic effect
26
glucose sparing effect
stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects
27
growth effects
- increases uptake of amino acids from blood
- enhances cellular proliferation
- reduces apoptosis
28
growth effects targets
- bone cells
- muscle cells
- nervous
29
diabetogenic effect
GH stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose, fueling growth effects
30
hypoglycaemia
lower than normal blood glucose levels
31
glycogenolysis
breaking down glycogen to liberate glucose molecules
32
glycogen
the storage form of glucose
33
hyperglycaemia
higher than normal blood glucose levels
34
glucagon
hormone that acts to increase blood glucose levels
35
gluconeogenesis
making new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
36
insulin
hormone that acts to decrease blood glucose levels
37
alpha cells
pancreatic islet cells that produce glucagon
38
beta cells
pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin
39
glucose
a simple sugar, the preferred energy source for most cells
40
calcitriol
active form of vitamin D, stimulates calcium absorption in digestive tract
41
osteoblasts
a cell that produces the fibres and matrix of bone
42
hypercalcaemia
higher than normal blood calcium levels
43
absorption
the process of taking substances into the bloodstream
44
osteoclasts
a cell that dissolves the fibres and matrix of bone
45
hypocalcaemia
lower than normal blood calcium levels
46
parathyroid hormone
acts to increase blood calcium levels
47
reabsorption
being absorbed again
48
excretion
the removal of wastes from the blood, tissues of organs
49
calcitonin
acts to decrease blood calcium levels
