ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

endocrine system is composed of

Answer 1

endocrine glands

Question 2

Endocrine glands and cells secrete very small amounts of chemical messengers called

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

Hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites called

Answer 3

target tissues or effectors

Question 4

have ducts that carry their secretions to the out- side of the body, or into a hollow organ, such as the stomach or intestines.

Answer 4

Exocrine glands

Question 5

The study of the endocrine system

Answer 5

endocrinology

Question 6

chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it.

secreted by white blood cells during an infection

Answer 6

Autocrine chemical messengers

Question 7

Secreted by cells in a local area, influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted

Answer 7

Autocrine

Question 8

Example
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes)

Answer 8

Autocrine

Question 9

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid, has a localized effect on other tissues

Answer 9

Paracrine

Question 10

Example
Somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids

Answer 10

Paracrine

Question 11

Produced by neurons.
secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals, travels short distances.
influences postsynaptic cells

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter

Question 12

Example
Acetylcholine, epinephrine

Answer 12

Neurotransmitter

Question 13

Secreted into the blood by specialized cells, travels some distance to target tissues. results in coordinated regulation of cell function

Answer 13

Endocrine

Question 14

Thyroid hormones.
growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen. progesterone, testosterone. prostaglandins

Answer 14

Endocrine

Question 15

chemical messengers act locally on neighboring cells. These chemical messengers are secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells.

Answer 15

Paracrine chemical messengers

Question 16

An example of a paracrine chemical messenger is ————, released by certain white blood cells during allergic reactions. Histamine stimulates vasodilation in nearby blood vessels.

Answer 16

HISTAMINE

Question 17

chemical messengers secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether it is another neuron, a muscle cell, or a glandular cell.

Answer 17

Neurotransmitters

Question 18

chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system.

Answer 18

Endocrine chemical messengers

Question 19

The main regulatory functions of the endocrine system are the following

Answer 19

Regulation of metabolism
Control of food intake and digestion
Modulation of tissue development
Regulation of ion levels
Control of water balance
Regulation of cardiovascular functions
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Control of reproductive functions
Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
Modulation of immune system function

Question 20

hormones are nonpolar, and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones, such as certain eicosanoids.

Answer 20

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

Question 21

hormones are polar molecules; they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones.

Answer 21

Water-Soluble Hormones

Question 22

Molecules and ions in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the release of some hormones. These chemicals are referred to as

Answer 22

humoral stimuli

Question 23

Specialized neuropeptides stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine cells and are called

Answer 23

releasing hormones

Question 24

It occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones.

Answer 24

hormonal stimuli.

Question 25

The most common examples are hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, called

Answer 25

tropic hormones

Question 26

the hormone's secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point and there is adequate hormone to activate the target cell.

Answer 26

Negative Feedback

Question 27

when stimulated by a tropic hormone, promote the synthesis and secretion of the tropic hormone in addition to stimulating their target cell. In turn, this stimulates further secre- tion of the original hormone.

Answer 27

Positive Feedback

Question 28

Hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called

Answer 28

receptors

Question 29

The portion of each recep- tor molecule where a hormone binds is called a

Answer 29

receptor site

Question 30

The tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of recep- tor, and not to others, is called

Answer 30

specificity