Endocrine System

Question 1

What two systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1

nervous and endocrine systems

Question 2

How does the nervous system regulate physiological activities?

Answer 2

neurotransmitters (short-term, specific responses to stimuli)

Question 3

How does the endocrine system regulate physiological activities?

Answer 3

Hormones (long-term regulation of metabolic processes)

Question 4

Five ‘pure’ endocrine glands

Answer 4

1. Pituitary
2. Pineal
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal

Question 5

Four organs containing endocrine cells:

Answer 5

1. Pancreas
2. Thymus
3. Gonads
4. Hypothalamus

Question 6

Endocrine cells release hormones directly into _______ , _______ , or _______ .

Answer 6

1. Interstitial fluids
2. Lymphoid systems
3. Blood

Question 7

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 7

sella turcica

Question 8

Which gland is controlled by the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

Pituitary gland

Question 9

The two lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 9

1. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
2. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Question 10

Hormones stored and released by the neurohypophysis

Answer 10

1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 11

What condition results from an inability to produce ADH?

Answer 11

Diabetes insipidus

Question 12

Functions of oxytocin

Answer 12

1. Cause uterine contractions
2. Milk letdown in lactation

Question 13

Hormones released by Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

Answer 13

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Growth hormone (GH)
4. Prolactin (PRL)
5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 14

Three hormones released by the adenohypophysis that target other glands (Tropic)

Answer 14

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3. Gonadotropic hormone

Question 15

Three hormones released by the adenohypophysis that do not affect other glands (Non-tropic)

Answer 15

1. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
2. Growth hormone (GH)
3. Prolactin (PRL)

Question 16

Hormone that has both tropic and non-tropic effects

Answer 16

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 17

A disorder that results from a lack of growth hormone during childhood

Answer 17

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 18

A disorder results from excess growth hormone during childhood

Answer 18

Gigantism

Question 19

A disorder results from excess growth hormone in adulthood

Answer 19

Acromegaly

Question 20

Two main thyroid hormones involved in metabolism

Answer 20

1. Thyroxine (T4)
2. Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 21

Hormone involved in calcium homeostasis

Answer 21

Calcitonin

Question 22

Connects the two main lobes of the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Isthmus

Question 23

Mineral that is essential for thyroid hormone production

Answer 23

Iodine

Question 24

Also known as severe hypothyroidism in adults; characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair

Answer 24

Myxedema

Question 25

Severe hypothyroidism during development resulting in short stature, stocky body type, and mental retardation.

Answer 25

Cretinism

Question 26

Hyperthyroidism causing exophthalmic goiter (bulging eyes due to edema), hyperactivity, and arrhythmias

Answer 26

Grave's disease

Question 27

Functions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 27

1. Stimulates osteoclasts 2. Decrease calcium secretion by kidneys 3. Activates vitamin D

Question 28

Happens as a result of removal or destruction of parathyroids

Answer 28

Hypocalcemia

Question 29

What happens to the blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormones are released

Answer 29

Increases

Question 30

Hormones that aid in the development of T-cells of the immune system

Answer 30

Thymosins

Question 31

Endocrine gland that is most active during childhood and atrophies as one ages

Answer 31

Thymus gland

Question 32

Hormone produced by the pineal gland

Answer 32

Melatonin

Question 33

Parts of the Adrenal Glands

Answer 33

1. Cortex (outer) 2. Medulla (inner)

Question 34

Hormones released by the adrenal medulla

Answer 34

1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine

Question 35

A part of the adrenal gland that is a neurosecretory structure

Answer 35

Medulla

Question 36

A part of the adrenal gland that is under the control of ACTH

Answer 36

Cortex

Question 37

Two main hormone groups produced by the adrenal cortex

Answer 37

1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids

Question 38

Hormones that regulates salt and water balance; aids in regulation of blood volume and pressure

Answer 38

Mineralocorticoids

Question 39

Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; causes increase in blood glucose

Answer 39

Glucocorticoids

Question 40

The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of _______ .

Answer 40

Sex hormones (Sex steroids)

Question 41

Disorder caused by accumulation of ACTH leading to skin bronzing

Answer 41

Addison's Disease

Question 42

Disorder caused by hypersecretion of adrenal cortex and excess cortisol leading to Diabetes mellitus, subcutaneous fat deposition in midsection, and high blood pressure

Answer 42

Cushing's Syndrome

Question 43

Organ that contains endocrine and exocrine cells

Answer 43

Pancreas

Question 44

________ form most of the Pancreas; secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Answer 44

Exocrine acinar cells

Question 45

Regions of pancreas that contain the endocrine cells

Answer 45

Pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans

Question 46

Each pancreatic islet contain four major cells:

Answer 46

1. Alpha cells (Glucagon) 2. Beta cells (Insulin) 3. Delta cells (somatostatin-GH inhibiting hormone) 4. F cells (Pancreatic polypeptide)

Question 47

Hormone that stimulates uptake of glucose

Answer 47

Insulin

Question 48

Hormone that increases blood glucose levels

Answer 48

Glucagon

Question 49

The primary cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 49

Insulin-resistance

Question 50

Hormone that slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs

Answer 50

Melatonin

Question 51

Pine-cone shaped gland that contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretory cells

Answer 51

Pineal Gland

Question 52

Special secretory cells found in the Pineal gland

Answer 52

Pinealocytes