Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 157 Midterm > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of structure and function of endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted by cells of endocrine tissue/gland into interstitial fluid
- diffuses into blood capillaries
- transported into bloodstream
- distributed to specific target cells with specific receptors
- effects target cells physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organs with endocrine tissues

A

Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, digestive tract, heart, adipose tissue, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Act on other endocrine glands/tissue
- most secreted by anterior pituitary
- those secreted by hypothalamus act on anterior pituitary are also tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of hormones

A
  • chemical composition of the ECF (e.g., insulin, calcitonin, aldosterone)
  • metabolism and energy balance (e.h., thyroid and growth hormone)
  • biological clock (e.g., melatonin)
  • contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle (e.g., epinephrine)
  • some immune system functions (cortisol)
  • growth and development (e.g., growth hormone)
  • regulate productive organs (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nervous System

A

Mediator molecules: neurotransmitters
Site of action: close to release site (synapse)
Types of target cells: Few cell types Neurons, muscle, glands
Time to onset of action: milliseconds
Duration of action: shorter (milliseconds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endocrine System

A

Mediator Molecules: hormones
Site of action: far from release site (anywhere in body)
Types of target cells: any body cells
Time to onset of action: seconds-days
Duration of action: longer (sec-days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anterior pituitary is also known as _____

A

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pituitary gland is also known as _______

A

Hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5 releasing hormones from hypothalamus:

A

GnRH
GHRH
TRH
CRH
PRH
2 inhibiting hormones: PIH and somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GnRH is

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GHRH is

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TRH is

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CRH is

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PRH is

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PIH is

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Somatostatin

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

7 hormones from anterior pituitary

A

FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
GH
MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

FSH is

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

LH is

A

luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TSH is

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ACTH is

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GH is

A

Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
MSH is
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
26
PRH
Hypothalamic hormone
27
Hypophyseal portal system
The blood connection between hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
28
What is under control of hypothalamic tropic hormones
Anterior pituitary gland
29
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
Within the sella turcica of sphenoid bone Attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum (a stalk)
30
Which part of the pituitary is larger?
The anterior pituitary
31
Antidiuretic Hormone
Acts on kidney tubules; detecting level of hydration and how much water to release or maintain
32
Anterior pituitary histology
Grows upward from primitive pharynx during embyrological development Larger lobe of pituitary
33
Histology of posterior pituitary
Grows downwards from brain; composed of nervous tissue Stores hormones made by the neurons in hypothalamus
34
Control of pituitary secretion (thyroid hormone as example)
1) hypothalamus secretes TRH 2)TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete TSH 3) TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone(TH) 4) TH stimulates metabolism of most cells in the body 5) TH also inhibits the release of TSH by the anterior pituitary 6) to a lesser extent, TH also inhibits the release of TRH by the hypothalamus *steps 5 and 6 are negative feedback*
35
Lipid soluble hormones
- need transport protein - thyroid hormones - eicosanoids - steroid hormones
36
Water soluble hormones
- no transport protein needed - catecholamines - peptide hormones (majority of hormones)
37
Tryptophan derivative
- melatonin (ampiphatic)
38
Amphipathic meaning
Both water and lipid soluble
39
Thyroid hormones
- lipid soluble - need transport proteins
40
Catecholamines
- epinephrine - norepinephrine - dopamine - water soluble
41
All peptide hormones are __________
Water soluble
42
Anemia
- not enough RBC means not enough oxygen being circulated - lack of ertyhtopoietin derived from kidney
43
Steroid hormones are synthesize from _____
Cholesterol
44
All steroid hormones are ____
Lipid soluble
45
Hormone Synthesis
-Gene for hormone is transcribed to mRNA molecule -Ribosomes translate mRNA and assemble amino acids to make the peptide -Further modification occurs to make the mature hormone molecule
46
Thyroid Hormone (TH) Synthesis and Secretion
1)Cells of thyroid follicle absorb iodide ions from blood capillaries and oxidize I- to reactive form I* 2)Follicle cells synthesize thyroglobulin(Tg) and release it into the lumen for storage 3)Enzyme at cell surface adds iodine to a few tyrosines 4)When follicle cells receives TSH from ant. pituitary they absorb Tg and lysosomal enzyme hydrolyzes Tg chain 5)TH is released from basal side of cell into blood capillaries and it binds to transport proteins to go to target cells.
47
Up regulation
Cell produces more receptors (increased density) and increases its own sensitivity to a hormone
48
Down regulation
Cell produces less receptors (decreased density) and decreases its sensitivity to a hormone
49
Modulation of target cell activity
- up regulation - down regulation
50
Peptide hormone (water soluble) receptors
Acts via a surface receptor on cell membrane and a second messenger system
51
Steroid hormone (lipid soluble) receptor
Acts by diffusing into the nucleus and binding to a nuclear receptor associated with a gene
52
CAMP as a second messenger (peptides and catecholamines)
1) hormone receptor binding activates a G protein 2) G protein activates Adenylate cyclase 3) Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP 4) cAMP activates protein kinases 5) protein kinases phosphorylate enzymes which activate some and deactivate others 6) activates a enzyme catalyze metabolic reaction with wide range of effects of target cell
53
Peptide hormones (water soluble)
- receptors on surface of target cell membrane - relies on second messenger system - 1st messenger = hormone - 2nd messenger depends on the hormone - some use cAMP pathway, some use IP3, DAG, Ca2+ (all = types of second messenger systems)
54
Activation of phospholipids in plasma membrane (water soluble hormones)
1) receptor activated by certain hormones 2) receptor activates a G protein linked to a nearby enzyme, phospholiopase, in the plasma membrane 3) Phospholipase splits a membrane phospholipid into two fragments, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglyerol (DAG). 4) IP3 and DAG are the second messengers that go on to activate a wide variety of metabolic changes in target cells 5) DAG activates protein kinase (PK), much like cAMP does on the previous slide and PK phosphorylates other enzymes. 6) IP3 works by increasing the calcium concentration in the target cell. Calcium then acts to change cell physiology.
55
metabolic effects of phospholipids
- smooth muscle contraction - protein synthesis - secretion - mitosis -etc.
56
Role of insulin
Acts to promote glucose uptake, glycogen storage, and lowing of blood glucose (BG) level
57
Role of glucagon
Acts to promote glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, glucose release into blood, increasing BG level - Breakdown of glucose
58
Glycogenesis
Synthesis of glycogen
59
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen via hydrolysis (addition of water)
60
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrates, especially fats and proteins (creation of new glucose)
61
Classic signs/symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM)
- polyuria - polydipsia - polyphagia
62
DM signs based on blood/urine testing
- hyperglycaemia - glucosuria - ketonuria - fruity smelling breath (ketones)
63
Potential complications of diabetes mellitus
1. Retinopathy - damage to retina 2. Nephropathy - damage to kidneys 3. Peripheral neuropathy - damage to peripheral nerves 4. Peripheral tissue damage and poor wound healing and diabetic ulcers
64
Forms of cell signaling
Auto ring Juxtacrine Paracrine Endocrine
65
Autocrine (local hormones)
A cell targets itself
66
Juxtacrine
A cell targets a cell connected by a gap junction
67
Paracrine
A cell targets a nearby cell
68
Endocrine
A cell targets a distant cell through the blood stream
69
ALARM phase of stress
Aka fight or flight Immediate short term response to crises - increased mental alertness - increased energy use by all cells - mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves - changes in circulation - reduction in digestive activity/urine production - increased sweat gland secretion - increased heart/respiratory rates
70
Resistance Phase of Stress
Long term metabolic adjustments - mobilization of remaining energy reserves - conservation of glucose - elevation of blood glucose concentrations
71
Exhaustion Phase
Collapse of vital systems Causes include: - exhaustion of lipid reserves - inability to produce gluccocorticoids - failure of electrolyte balance - cumulative damage to vital organs

Biology 157 Midterm (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions