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BIO 201 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

the cells, tissues, and organs that are endocrine glands, as well as the hormones they secrete

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface
- extracellular effects

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

glands that are ductless and release their secretions into the bloodstream
- intracellular effects

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4
Q

differences between nervous and endocrine systems

A
  • neurons release neurotransmitters into a synapse; endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream
  • nervous system responds quickly and stops at the end of the stimulus; endocrine system may have a longer response time and can persist for days or weeks after the stimulus ends
  • efferent nerve fiber innervates one organ and a limited number of cells; hormones have more widespread effects
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5
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol, differ in the functional groups attached to four-ringed steroid backbone
  • sex hormones and corticosteroids (cortisol)
  • enter target cell nucleus and act directly on genes by activating or inhibiting transcription
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6
Q

monoamines (biogenic amines)

A
  • made from amino acids and retain an amino group
  • include several neurotransmitters as well as hormones
  • dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, thyroid hormone
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7
Q

peptide hormones (water soluble)

A
  • chains of 3 to 200+ amino acids
  • synthesized the same as other proteins
  • oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin
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8
Q

negative feedback of hormones

A

hormone itself inhibits further secretion by binding to the pituitary or hypothalamus

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9
Q

positive feedback of hormones

A

the change produced by the hormone causes more hormone to be released
- oxytocin

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10
Q

humoral stimuli

A

stimuli that are critical ions or nutrients
- low calcium in blood leads to secretion of parathyroid hormone

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11
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
- epinephrine

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12
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

secretion of a hormone is in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands
- tropic hormones and anterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems
- receives input from cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and internal organs
- control pituitary gland

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14
Q

anterior pituitary

A

stimulated by hypothalamic hormones to release or not release other hormones
- master gland

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15
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- made up of capillaries in the hypothalamus, portal venules, and capillaries in the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

posterior pituitary

A

nerve endings in posterior pituitary gland are stimulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to release hormones
- nervous tissue and not a true gland
- does not made hormones

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17
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones
- produced by the anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A
  • produced by anterior pituitary
  • stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation to promote tissue growth
  • stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that promote growth, protein synthesis, and fat breakdown
  • levels decline with age
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19
Q

gigantism

A

increased linear growth of bones in childhood

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20
Q

acromegaly

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A

increased growth usually due to pituitary tumor in adulthood

21
Q

pituitary dwarfism

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A

caused GH hyposecretion in childhood or adolescence

22
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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A
  • produced by anterior pituitary
  • stimulates growth of thyroid gland and synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
23
Q

gonadotropins

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A
  • produced by anterior pituitary
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
24
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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A
  • stimulates secretion of ovarian estrogen and the development of follicles
  • in testes, stimulates sperm production
25
luteinizing hormone (LH)
- stimulates ovulation in females - stimules secretion of progesterone - stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
26
prolactin (PRL)
- produced by anterior pituitary - secretion increases during pregnancy but has no effect until after birth - stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk - in males, makes testes more sensitive to LH and thus enhances testosterone secretion
27
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- produced by anterior pituitary - stimulates glucocorticoid (cortisol) secretion by adrenal cortex
28
oxytocin (OT)
- produced by hypothalamus - stored and released by posterior pituitary - surges during sexual arousal and orgasm - stimulates labor contractions and enhances uterine muscle contraction (positive feedback loop) - stimulates flow of milk from mammary gland to nipple - plays a role in bonding between sexual partners and between mother and infant - suckling reflex
29
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- produced by hypothalamus - stored and released by posterior pituitary - also functions as a neurotransmitter and called vasopressin in neuroscience - stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys, which decreases urine volume and conserves body water - increases blood pressure - controlled primarily by osmotic pressure of the blood - alcohol and other diuretics inhibit ADH
30
thyroid gland
- largest endocrine gland in adults - two lateral lobes, lies just below the larynx - produces thyroid hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
31
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
control conversion of glucose to energy or heat and regulate growth of reproductive and nervous tissue - secreted in response to TSH from anterior pituitary - primary effect: increase metabolic rate
32
goiter
a pathological enlargement of the thyroid - lack of iodine lead to oversecretion of TSH, and the thyroid gland undergoes hypertrophy
33
hypothyroidism
hyposecretion of TH leads to decreased metabolic rate - reduced BMR and low tolerance to cold - fat accumulation and sluggisness
34
hyperthyroidism
- oversecretion of T3 and T4 - increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption = increased use of metabolic fuels - increased BMR, sweating, poor heat tolerance, and CV abnormalities - thinness and nervousness
35
calcitonin
- decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bone - stimulates osteoblast activity - antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone - important mainly in children
36
parathyroid glands
- four ovoid glands found partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid - secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium
37
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing calcium reabsorption from urine, and promoting formation of calcitrol, which increases absorption of calcium from the GI tract
38
adrenal glands
- sit atop each kidney - contains an adrenal medulla (10-20% of the gland) and an adrenal cortex (80-90%)
39
adrenal cortex
- surrounds the adrenal medulla and produces over 25 hormones known as corticosteroids or corticoids - zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
40
zona glomerulosa
- thin layer located just beneath the capsule at the gland surface - secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
41
aldosterone
- mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex - stimulates kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium - helps maintain blood volume and pressure - controlled by sodium levels, BP and blood volume
42
RAAS
renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system
43
zona fasciculata
- thick middle layer making up about 3/4 of the adrenal cortex - releases cortisol - anti-inflammatory effect
44
Addison's Disease
- adrenal cortex slows release of cortisol - results in excess ACTH - bronzing of skin due to buildup of melanin - develop low blood pressure - severe dehydration and a mild infection can lead to death
45
zona reticularis
- narrow, innermost layer of adrenal cortex that is adjacent to the renal medulla - releases androgens
46
androgens
- secreted by zona reticularis - responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in puberty - DHEA: precursor of testosterone - estradiol: estrogen that is most important after menopause
47
adrenal medulla
- acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system - sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers extend through the cortex to reach cells in the medulla - upon stimulation by nerve fibers, releases catecholamines
48

BIO 201 (12 decks)

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