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SBS 3 > Endocrine system 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the adrenal gland consists of the adrenal cortex?

A

80-90% the rest is adrenal medulla

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2
Q

What do chromaffin cells do?

A

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

How is epinephrine and norepinephrine released?

A

Impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate sympathetic preganglionic neurons that then stimulate adrenal glands to produce epi and norepi.

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4
Q

How much of the secretion consists of epinephrine?

A

80%

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5
Q

How are hormones from the adrenal glands different from those of the cortex?

A

they are not essential for life.

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6
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine?

A 
dilation of airways, 
decrease digestion, 
increase heart rate and blood pressure, 
increase blood glucose levels, 
stimulate cellular metabolism.
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7
Q

How is the adrenal cortex divided?

A

into the

  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
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8
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa do?

A

-secrete mineralcorticoids
> which is 95% aldosterone
- major function is to control water and electrolytes ( Na and K )
- regulates renin, angiotensin and aldosterone loop

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9
Q

What does aldosterone do to electrolytes?

A

causes Na to be absorbed from urine into blood and K to be secreted from blood to urine.

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10
Q

How else does aldosterone effect the body?

A

adjust blood volume and pressure.

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11
Q

What is the function of the Zona fasciculata

A
  • secrete glucocorticoids
  • regulate metabolism and resistance to stress
  • increase rate of protein catabolism
  • gluconeogenesis
  • lipolysis
  • resistance to stress
  • increase blood pressure
  • anti-inflammatory actions
  • retard tissue repair
  • depress the immune
  • response at high doses
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12
Q

What are the glucocorticoids that the Zona Fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol or hydrocortisone ( most abundant)

  • corticosterone
  • cortisone
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13
Q

What is the function of the Zona reticularis?

A
  • secretes a little androgen
    > DHEA ( major androgen secreted)
  • libido in females
  • DHEA can be converted into estrogen by body tissues which aids in menopause.
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14
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone or Corticotropin

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15
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

Controls the production and secretion of glucocorticoids

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16
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

inhibit CRH and ACTH release via a negative feedback.

17
Q

How is ACTH produced?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus stimulates its secretion. Corticotroph synthesizes it when there is stress, physical trauma and or interleukin -1 stimulation.

18
Q

How are glucocorticoids regulated?

A
  • low levels stimulate release of CRH
  • CRH stimulates release of ACTH
  • ACTH stimulates glucocorticoids.
  • low glucose levels can also increase synthesis of glucocorticoids.
19
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ( MSH)

A
  • involved in prodution of skin pigment

- high levels of CRH can stimulate MSH release

20
Q

What are the Etiologies (cause) of Addison’s disease?

A
  • 75-90% is an autoimmune disease
  • in 50% the disease is restricted to adrenal glands
  • infectious disorders that include:
    > TUBERCULOSIS
    >fungal infections
    > highly virulent bacteria producing sepsis
  • metastatic cancer
21
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Addison’s disease?

A
  • Gradual onset of weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Skin pigmentation
  • nausea and vomiting and weightloss
  • hypoglycemia
  • decreased levels of Na
  • low blood pressure
  • dehydration
  • decreased cardiac output, arrhythmia and potential cardiac arrest
22
Q

What is the Etiology of the different types of Cushing Syndrome?

A 
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids: 
> cortisol and cortisone. 
1) pituitary cushing syndrome 
- anterior pituitary tumor 
2) adrenal cushing
-adrenal adenoma 
3)Paraneoplastic Cushing
-ACTH producing tumor (lung cancer or pancoast tumor)
4) Latrogenic Cushing Syndrome
- Exogenous administration of ACTH or cortisol
23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cushing syndrome?

A
  • moon face
  • buffalo hump
  • pendulous abdomen with stria
  • hyperglycemia
  • osteoporosis
  • weakness
  • hypertension
  • increased susceptibility to infections
  • decreased resistance to stress and mood swings
  • dark facial hair in women
24
Q

TX for cushing Syndrome?

A

Surgical resection

2) (Signifor)

25
Q

What is Pheocromocytoma?

A

Uncommon benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces catecholamines ( epinephrine and nor epinephrine)

26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Pheocromocytoma?

A

1) severe headache
2) Tachycardia and palpitations
3) Diaphoresis and anxiety
4) Hypertensive episodes
5) Sweating and tremors
6) increased risk for ischemias and cardiac death.

27
Q

What is the rule of 10?

A

Effects Pheocromocytoma

  • 10% occur in children
  • 10% is bilateral
  • 10% occur outside the adrenal gland
  • 10% are malignant
28
Q

How is pheocromocytoma diagnosed?

A

elevated urinary VMA and catecholamines ( elevated in urine and plasma)

29
Q

Tx for pheochromocytoma

A

surgical removal for control of patient’s blood pressure.

30
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndroms (MEN)

A

1) Autosomal dominant inheritance

2) characterized by hyperplasia and tumors of endocrine glands

31
Q

What is MEN Type 1?

A 
Werner syndrome 
has the 3 Ps
1) Parathyroid ( hyperparathyroidism is most common) 
2) Pancreas
3) pituitary
32
Q

MEN Type 2A

A

Sipple Syndrome

1) Pheochromocytoma
2) Medullary Carcinoma of the thyroid (100%)

33
Q

MEN Type 2 b

A

William syndrome

1) Pheocromocytoma
2) Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
3) Mucocutaneous neuromas (skin, oral mucosa, GI and respiratory tract)

34
Q

where is oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesized and where is it released into?

A

sinthesized in hypothalamus, released into capillaries of posterior pituitary

35
Q

How is Oxytocin regulated?

A

positive feedback loop.

1) Neuroendocrine reflex through stretch receptors in uterine cervix and let-down effect by nipple.
2) OT inhibits PIH

36
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Antidiuretic hormone is mainly responsible for control of body water
This is possible through osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

SBS 3 (6 decks)

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