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Bio 139 Test 5 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Functions (4)

A

1) Communication 2) Homeostasis 3) Function by releasing chemical messengers(hormones) into BLOOD 4) works closely with nervous system(neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger released by Glands into BLOOD and bind receptors on TARGET cells (very specific)

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3
Q

3 General Stimulation mechanisms

A

1) Neural (stim by autonomic neurons) 2) Hormonal 3) Humoral( stim by substances (glucose; ion ect)

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4
Q

2 Main Types of Hormones

A

1) Peptide (made from amino acids/proteins 2) Steroid (made from fat/ lipids

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5
Q

Stimulate DNA in nucleus (steps)

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones(lipids) 1: diffuse through the cell membrane(lipid bilayer) 2) bind receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus 3) stimulates protein synthesis by accessing DNA 4) New proteins cause response

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6
Q

Activate 2nd Messenger

A

Most peptide hormones: 1) Bind receptor on cell membrane 2) activates G protein thus activating 2nd messenger activating ENZYME causing a response (Cyclic-AMP - most common)

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7
Q

Negative Vs Positive feedback loops

A

Negative Feedback most common stop release in a given window(thermostat) Positive stimulation causes to make more and more. Aka Breast feeding

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8
Q

Hypothalamus (4)

A

1) Control center for Endocrine System 2) Releases regulatory hormones to ANTERIOR pituitary gland 3) Produces Oxytocin and ADH to be stored in POSTERIOR Pituitary 4) Regulates ANS(adrenal medulla)

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9
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Has Anterior and Posterior Portion 2) connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum 3) sella turcica

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

1) Controlled by hypothalamus(releasing/inhibiting hormones) 2) Hypothalamus hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

What connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

Blood Vascular

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12
Q

What connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurons

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13
Q

7 Major hormone in Anterior Pituitary(adenohypophysis)

A

1) Growth hormones 2) Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) 3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 4) Prolactin 5) Follicle -stimulating Hormone(FSH) 6) Luteinizing hormone(LH) 7) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q

Growth hormone(GH)

A

Found in Anterior Pituitary ; Aka Somatotropin; stimulates cell growth and division; stimulates LIVER to secrete insulin like growth factors(IGFs); somatomedin

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15
Q

Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

In the ANT Pituitary stimulates the release of hormones from thyroid gland

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

IN the ANT pituitary; Stim release of hormones from adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

In ANT pituitary; Stimulates milk production & mammary gland growth

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18
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Follicle development & estrogen release from ovaries; Sperm production in testes

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19
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Stim estrogen release from ovaries & OVULATION Stim testosterone release from testes

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20
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Stim rate of melanin release(pigment)

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

1) Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal TRACT(bundle of neuron in CNS)

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22
Q

Which Hormones does the Posterior pituitary contain?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) and Oxytocin

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23
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus make?

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What does the Supraoptic nucleus make

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH; Vasopressin)

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25
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
Made by the supraorbital nucleus; water retention
26
Oxytocin Made and do in male vs females
Made in the paraventricular nucleus; Females; contraction o uterus during labor(positive feedback) milk ejection Males: Prostate gland secretion
27
Isthmus
Crossbar of the Thyroid gland connects lobes
28
Parts of the Thyroid Gland
1) Follicular cells 2) Parafollicular cells 3)
29
Follicular cells
In Thyroid Gland; Form follicle (make thyroid hormones) 2) secrete triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxin (t4) - increase metabolic rate and temperature
30
Parafollicular cells
Produce Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium by Moving calcium to Astroblast
31
Thyroid Hormones
Triiodothyronine(T3) and Thyroxine T4
32
How does Calcitonin decrease calcium in blood
1) move calcium to Astroblast 2) Kidneys excrete more 3) Intestines absorb less
33
Parathyroid Glands
1) Chief (Principal) cells 2) Oxyphiles cells 3) 4 of them
34
Chief principle cells secrete
parathyroid hormone when INCREASE blood calcium(osteoclast's)
35
Adrenal glands location and parts
Located above kidneys and has a cortex and medulla(looks like a triangle)
36
Adrenal Cortex
Synthesizes steroid hormones
37
3 Regions of the adrenal cortex(outside to in)
1) Zona Glomerulosa 2) Zona fasciculata 3) Zona reticularis
38
Zone glomerulosa
Class of hormones Mineralocorticoids; Aldosterone Hormone(make you retain fluid)
39
Zona fasciculata
Class of hormones Glucocorticoids; Cortisol Hormone (helps maintain blood glucose levels by stimulates the breakdown of proteins)
40
Cortisol Hormone
In adrenal gland; Helps maintain blood glucose levels by stimulates the breakdown of proteins) and Stress related hormone (fat storage)
41
What does Zona reticularis in the Adrenal gland release
DHEA precusory to sex hormones. (testostrogen and estrogen)
42
Adrenal Glands Medulla (3)
1) Medulla secretes catecholamines 2) Chromaffin cells innervated by sympathetic axons 3)Releases Epinephrine & norepinephrine
43
Pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine: Islet of Langerhans(2) Alpha and Beta
44
Islets of Langerhans (cells and function)
1) Alpha (glucagon- INCREASE blood glucose) 2) Beta (insulin - decreases blood glucose)(transport ion)
45
Pineal Gland
Posterior Epithalamus 2) Secretes melatonin - Regulates circadian rhythms
46
Thymus
Superior to heart 2) immune function 3) Stimulates growth in T-Lymphocytes (more in kids)
47
Ovaries hormones
Release Estrogen and progesterone\
48
Estrogen Hormone
Female secondary sex characteristics; follicular development; fat deposition in thighs
49
Progesterone
Important in menstrual cycle
50
Testes produces?
Testosterone; male secondary sex characteristics; stimulate protein synthesis(like steroids)
51
Kidneys Secretes
Calcitriol; ERTHROPOIETIN; Renin
52
Calcitriol
In kidneys; stimulates Ca and phosphate uptake in small intestine
53
Erythropoietin
Stimulate RBC production( Tour de France cyclists to increase o2 cap)
54
Heart Releases
Atrial natriuretic peptide
55
atrial natriuretic peptide
IN heart; stimulates water and sodium excretion
56
Thyroid Disorders
Graves; Hypothyroidism; Goiters can occur
57
Graves Disease
Bulging eyeballs(to much thyroid)
58
Hypothyroidism
To little thyroid (heavy hard time losing weight; colder)
59
Goiters
Neck swelling from thyroid hypothyroidism from lake of iodine in diet
60
Growth Hormones disorders
1) Acromegaly 2) Gigantism 3) Pituitary Dwarfism
61
Acromegaly
To much growth hormone as an adult( larger face and hands)
62
Gigantism
Excess GH in Childhood( muscle weak for size)
63
Pituitary Dwarfism
Insufficient GH
64
Cortisol Hormone Disorders
Cushing disease; Addison disease
65
Cushing disease
Too much cortisol ( central obesity; moonfaced; buffalo hump)
66
Addison disease
Too little cortisol( Fatigue weakness weight loss)(JF Kennedy)
67
Diabetes Mellitus
Fasting blood >= 126 mg/dl; Pre diabetes 100-125 mg/dl
68
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune disease; beta cells destroyed; insufficient insulin production from pancreas
69
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance/ insufficient insulin( can be cured with diet and exercise)

Bio 139 Test 5 (6 decks)

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