Endocrine System Flashcards
(184 cards)
0
Q
Paracrine effect is
A
Hormones which effect cells of the organ where they were released
1
Q
What are hormones
A
Chemical messengers released into blood from glands which produce them
2
Q
Autocrine effect is
A
Hormones which effect the same cell type
3
Q
3 things hormones can be
A
Peptides - protein
Steroids - cholesterol
Amino acid derivatives - protein
4
Q
4 key differences between autonomic nervous system and a endocrine system
A
NS Rapid change ES slower
NS less precise ES precise
NS shorter duration ES longer
NS neurotransmitters
ES hormones
5
Q
Adrenaline neurotransmitter or hormone
A
More a NT
6
Q
Cortisol more hormone or NT
A
Hormone
7
Q
2 types hormone glands
A
Exocrine
Endocrine
8
Q
Define exocrine gland
A
EXCRETE into ducts leading to EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Salivary glands
Sebaceous glands
Mammary glands
9
Q
Define endocrine gland
A
Ductless
Secrete hormones into BLOOD or nearby target cells/tissues
10
Q
10 endocrine glands
A
Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreatic:islets of langerhans Thymus Ovaries Testes
11
Q
Adipose tissue
Not gland but has endocrine functionality
Produces
A
Leptin - suppresses food intake
Resistin - blood glucose, inflammation
12
Q
Heart not gland but endocrine functionality
Produced
A
Atrial natriuretic peptide - blood pressure
13
Q
Stomach endocrine functionality
Produces
A
Ghrelin gastrin - satiety gastric emptying
14
Q
Liver produces what hormone
A
Angiotensinogen
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Thrombopoiten
15
Q
Hormones placenta produces
A
Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
Progesterone
16
Q
Kidneys produce which hormones
A
Erythropoietin (RBC production)
Calcitriol (vit D)
17
Q
Skin produces what hormone
A
Cholecalciferol (vit D)
18
Q
What affect does glucose have on BV lining
A
Damages!
Atherosclerosis!
19
Q
Clue patient has a thyroid problem
A
Feel a thickening round the throat
20
Q
How do hormones influence the activity of their specific target cells
A
By identifying and binding to specific
RECEPTORS (proteins) within or on the surface of the target cells.
21
Q
2 hormones produced by Adipose tissue
A
leptin
resistin
22
Q
role of leptin
A
supreses food intake
23
Q
role of resistin
A
blood glucose, inflammation
24
homrone made by heart and function
atrial natruretic peptide
| blood pressure
25
3 hormones made by liver
angiotensinogen
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
thrombopoietin - platelet production
26
2 hormones made by placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin hCG,
| progesterone
27
hormone made by skin
cholecalciferol
28
What happens in insulin resistance
insulin doesn't work properly
glucose remains in blood stream instead of getting into cells
free fatty acids & glucose in blood - toxic!
29
what effect does too much glucose and free fatty acids circulating in the blood have on the body
glucose damages BVs, fatty acids oxidise
30
Define down-regulation
too much hormone
| target cells reduce no of protein receptors
31
define up regulation
deficiency in hormone
| target cells increase no of protein receptors
32
hympthalamus and pituitary gland control almost entirely
growth
development
metabolism
homeostasis
33
posterier pituitary gland secretes which 2 hormones
oxytocin
| adh
34
adh is the key to what
blood pressure control
35
7 hormones sythesized/released by anterior pituitary
```
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
melanocyte stimulating hormone
adrenocorticitropic hormone
prolactin
```
36
which AP hormone fertilises the egg
luteinizing hormone
37
which AP hormone becomes the egg
follicle stimulating hormone
38
which AP hormone is precursor for cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone
39
list 7 releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by hypothalamus influencing anterior pituitary
```
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone
thyroid releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
```
40
Which is the only endocrine gland that makes and STORES its hormones
thyroid
41
function follicle stimulating hormone
production of eggs/sperm
| stimulates oestrogen/testosterone
42
function of lutenizing hormone
stimulates progesterone/testosterone
| triggers ovulation
43
FSH/LH stimulated by
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
44
FSH/LH inhibited by
high levels of other hormones
45
If a lady is not ovulating which hormone will she be deficient in
LH
46
oxytocin stimulated by
nerve impulse from hypothalamus
47
oxytocine inhibited by
nothing POSITIVE FEEDBACK
48
oxytocin functions
contracts uterus/lactating breast
| bonding mum and baby
49
antidiuretic hormone triggered by
nerve impulses from hypothalamus in response to increased osmotic pressure/reduced fluid intake
50
antidiuretic hormone inhibited by
raised hormone levels -
| also alcohol, reduced osmotic pressure, increased fluid intake
51
ADH also known as
VASOPRESSIN
52
sodium attracts
water
53
why does alcohol dehydrtae you
inhibits production of antidiuretic hormone
54
actions of ADH
reduces urine output - stimulates sodium reabsorption (therefore water too) in kidneys
increases blood pressure via skin/abdominal organ vasoconstriction
55
what would happen with too little ADH
kidneys would excrete too much water
| urine volume will increase > dehydration> fall in blood pressure
56
High Osmotic pressure means
Not enough fluid
57
Low osmotic pressure means
too much fluid
58
diuresis
urine production
59
difference between acromegaly and gigantism
acromegaly excess GH after ossification
| gigantism excess while bones are still growing
60
usual cause for excess GH causing acromegaly/gigantism
pituitary tumour causing hypersecretion/damage to optic nerve
61
symptoms acromegaly/gigantism
enlarged tongue, fatigue, impotence, joint pain
62
complications acromegaly/gigantism
type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CV disease, arthritis
63
excess prolactin production
hyperprolactinaemia
64
PCOS
polycystic ovary syndrome
65
galactorrhoea
leaky nipples
66
amenorrhoea
no period
67
oligomenorrhoea
frequent periods
68
causes hyperprolactinaemia
pituitary tumour, PCOS, acromegaly, hypothyroidism
69
symptoms hyperprolactinaemia
galactorrhoea
amenorrhoea
oligomenorrhoea
decreased libido
70
what is ecephalitis
inflammation of brain
71
what is v rare form of diabetes
diabetes insipidus
72
pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency
kidneys allow over excretion of water from body
extreme thirst/dehydration
73
symptoms diabetes insipidus
extreme thirst/urination
| 7 litres a day
74
causes diabetes insipidus
brain trauma - tumour, encephalitis
75
melatonin made by which neurotransmitter
seratonin - made by 5HTP
76
melatonin production stimulated by
night darkness
77
melatonin production reduced by
daylight, bad sleep patterns, some meds
78
role of melatonin
sets circadian rhythm
potent ANTIOXIDANT
poss puberty
79
thymus gland produces
thymusin
80
thymus gland does what with age
atrophies
81
role of thymusin
stimulates development of disease-fighting T Cells
82
the thyroid gland rregulates your
metabolism
83
Thyroid follicular cells produce
T4 & T3
84
parafollicular cells produce
calcitonin (CT)
85
thyroid makes T3 & T4 from
Tyrosine
| Iodine
86
as body makes 20 times more T4 to T3, what does body use to convert from T4 to T3
selenium - 4 brazil buts a day should do it (not chinese)
87
T 4 & T3 are hydrophobic - how do they travel in blood
via carrier proteins
| thyroxine-binding globulin TBG
88
most docs just measure TSH levels what else should we measure
free T4
89
iodine deficiency leads to
goiters
90
Thyroxine production stimulated by
TSH
stress exercise
low blood glucose
low T3 to T4
91
thyroxine production reduced by
low TSH
| high T3 to T4
92
Thyroxine activity/functions
increases metabolic rate/heat production
essential for normal growth/development
CNS function
affects many other hormones
93
If high T4 why still Hypothyroidism
missing cofactors to convert to T3
| oidine, tyrosine, B,c, zinc, selenium
94
blood test TSH levels high indicates
thyroid failing
95
blood test TSH levels low indicates
thyroid functioning normally
96
arthralgia
joint pain
97
congenital
present from birth
98
5 lab tests for thyroid gland
```
TSH levels
total T3 & T4
free T3 & T4
Thyroglobulin (tumour marker)
Anti thyroglobulin antibodies ATA (Hashimotos/Graves
```
99
Hypothyroidism is common in the
elderly
100
causes hypothyroidism
congenital
hashimotos
iodine definciency
after surgery/meds
101
signs hypothyroidism
```
tiredness
weight gain
goitre
cold intolerance
mental slowness
puffy around eyes
depression
dry brittle hair/skin/nails
muscle cramps
constipation
loss of eyebrows
deep voice
bradycardia
hypotension
```
102
hyperthyroidism also known as
thyrotoxicosis
103
most common cause of hyperthroidism
graves disease - auto-immune
104
other causes hyperthyroidism
iodine/thyroid med overdose, tumour, thyroiditis, nodules
105
symptoms hyperthyroidism
```
nervousness
palpitations
hyperactivity
sweating
heat sensitivity
weight loss
insomnia
frequent bowel movements
tachycardia
palpitations
bulging eyes
```
106
armpit hypothyroid self test known as
barnes temperature test
107
function/activity calcitonin
reduces blood calcium
inhibits osteoclast activity
inhibits reabsorption from bone/kidneys
108
calcitonin stimulated by
increased blood Ca levels
109
calcitonin inhibited by
decreased blood Ca levels
110
parathyroid gland activity
```
increases blood Ca when low
increases Ca absorption in instestines
increases Ca absorbtion in bone/kidney
increases Osteoclast activity
increases Vit D production
```
111
parathyroid hormone stimulated by
low blood Ca
112
parathyroid hormone inhibited by
high blood Ca
113
calcium in blood essential for
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
blood clotting
114
Hyperparathyroidism usual cause
tumour
115
hypoparathyroidism usual cause
surgery/radiation - rare
116
2 parts of adrenal glands
inner medulla
| outer cortex
117
inner medulla adrenal part of
CNS Central nervous system
118
2 hoprmones produced by inner medulla
adrenaline (epinephrine)
| noradrenalin (norepinephrine0
119
3 groups steroid hormones produced by outer cortex
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
mineral corticoids - aldosterone
sex hormones - androgens
120
3 glucocorticoid hormones produced in outer cortex adrenal
cortisol - 95%
cortisone
corticosterone
121
name for cortisol when used as medication
hydrocortisone
122
activity of glucocorticoids
stimulate - gluconeogenisis, proteolysis, lypolysis
| supress immune response
123
why are glucocorticoids used as medicine - glucocorticosteroids
as suppress immune response -
asthma inhaler
hydrocortisone
corticosteroids
124
glucocorticoid hormones stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone
125
too much cortisol/glucocorticoids -
cushings syndrome
126
too little cortisol/glucocorticoids
addisons disease
127
where is aldosterone produced
adrenal cortex - mineral corticoid
128
aldosterone activity
reabsorption of Na in kidneys
excretion of k in urine
water retention - regulates blood volume/pressure
removal acid from body
129
k is
potassium
130
Na is
sodium
131
aldosterone production stimulated by
ADCT hormone, angiotensin, high blood k
132
adosterone inhibited by
low blood k
133
role of adrenal cortex sex hormones
androgens - only important pre-puberty and post menopause.
| insignificant compared to ovaries/testes
134
adrenal medulla produces
80% adrenaline
| 20% nor adrenaline
135
organs affected by adrenaline/noradrenaline
adrenaline - heart
| noradrenaline - BVs
136
action of adrenaline/noradrenaline
```
increase heart rate/contraction/ = BP
blood flow to heart, brain, muscles etc
increase metabolism
increase blood glucose
decrease blood to digestive system and skin
dilates pupils & airways
```
137
adrenaline stimulated by
exercise, stress, fasting, shock, elevated temp, infection, disease
138
adrenaline inhibited by
eating, sleeping, calmness
139
high levels of _ = cushings syndrome/disease
cortisol
140
difference between cushings syndrome/disease
syndrome any cause
| disease adrenal cortex hyperfunction
141
causes cushings sydrome
steroids meds
pituitary tumour
over active adrenal
142
signs cushings
```
moon face, hirsutism, central weight gain
depression, insomnia, thin skin
easy bruising, reduced immunity,
muscular weakness, buffalo hump
osteoporosis, insulin resistance
hypertension etc
```
143
cause of addisons disease
usually autoimmune
| occasionally from disease/suddenly stopping steroids
144
define addisons disease
hypo functioning of adrenal cortex
deficiency of - mineral corticoids - aldosterone
glucocorticoids - cortisol
145
symptoms addisons disease
bulging eyes, bronzing skin, black freckles
hypotension, weakness, fever, depression
syncope, nausea/vomiting, confusion, etc
146
gland which is endocrine/exocrine
pancreas
147
endocrine cells in pancreas
islets of langerhans
| alpha, beta, delta cells
148
3 endocrine hormones produced by pancreas
glucagon - alpha cells
insulin - beta cells
somatostatin/GHRIH - delta cells
149
main endocrine function of pancreas
regulate blood glucose levels
150
3 functions insulin
lowers blood glucose
stops breakdown of amino/fatty acids
promotes synthesis of proteins, glycogen and fats
151
glycogen synthesis known as
glycogenisis
152
fat synthesis known as
lipogenisis
153
insulin production stimulated by
high blod glucose, elevated amino acids, eating, sweet taste (artificial sweeteners)
154
insulin production reduced by
low blood glucose, starvation, glucagon
155
glucose stored in liver called
glycogen
156
creation of glucose (mostly in liver) known as
gluconeogenisis
157
breakdown of glycogen (glucose stored mostly in liver) known as
glycogenolysis
158
breakdown of fats and lipids known as
lipolysis
159
3 functions glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
converts glycogen to glucose in liver/skeletal muscle
lipolysis for use in metabolism
160
glucagon stimulated by
low blood sugar, exercise
161
glucagon reduced by
insulin, high blood sugar
162
hypoglycaemia releases
glucagon
163
GHRIH also known as
somatostatin
164
somatostatin also produced by
hypothalamus, stomach, intestines
165
GHRIH inhibits
insulin
| glucagon
166
somatostatin/ghrih stimulated by
low blood sugar, exercise
167
somatostatin/ghrih inhibited by
insulin, high blood sugar
168
definition of diabetes
deficiency/absence of insulin
| elevated blood glucose - hyperglycaemia
169
4 types diabetes
autoimmune
insulin resistance
secondary
gestational
170
cause type 1 diabetes
auto-immune
| destruction of pancreatic beta cells
171
glucose in urine called
glycosuria
172
frequent urination called
polyuria
173
abnormal excessive thirst called
polydipsia
174
symptoms diabetes 1
glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia - sugar puff wee
dehydration causing weakness, fatigue, mental status changes
weight loss, nausea, vomiting
blurred vision
ketoacidosis
hypotension
tachycardia
fruity breath due to exhaled acetone - pear drops
175
treatment diabetes 1
insulin
176
complications diabetes 1
CV disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, high cholesterol, hypertension
177
cause diabetes 2
```
insulin resistance
genetic link
higher in american indians, hispanics, asians
obesity, weught gain, lifestyle
low birth weight, pregnancy
```
178
symptoms diabetes 2
often asymptomatic until v well established then complications present -
eyes, kidneys, neuropathy
179
pholyphagia definition
increased appetite
180
what are ketones
acidic, toxic by-products of metabolising fats/proteins for energy when carbs (glucose/glycogen) are depleted OR
when glucose can't be used as in diabetes
181
ketoacidosis may cause
seizures, coma and death
182
symptoms and treatment of diabetic hyperglycaemia
frequent urination, blurred vision, nausea, dehydration, elevated blood glucose, lack of insulin, pear drop breath WATER 999
183
symptoms and treatment diabetic hypoglycaemia
shaking, sweating, tachycardia, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, too much insulin, low blood glucose, delayed meal, too much exercise, may/may not have fruity breath. SUGAR 999
