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Human Responses To The Environment > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Helps control an d maintain healthy functioning of the body and its metabolic activities

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2
Q

What does the endocrine consist of?

A

Ductless glands called Endocrine gland

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine glands?

A

Secrete hormones directly into the blood

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4
Q

What is a hormone?

A

It’s a CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE carried by the bloodstream to its target tissues or organ where it REGULATES METABOLIC REACTIONS

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5
Q

What is the function of the hormones?

A

Maintain a constant internal environment

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6
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Vascular, ductless gland

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7
Q

What is the definition of vascular?

A

Richly supplied with blood vessels.

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8
Q

How do exo and endocrine systems differ?

A
  • EXO = secretions carried in ducts to salivary glands, liver and pancreas
  • ENDO = secretions carried in blood stream to target organ
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9
Q

What is a target organ?

A

When hormones affect certain cells, and the cells that respond to a given hormone have receptor sites for that hormone

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus and where is it situated?

A

Part of the brain , situated above the pituitary gland

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11
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH- anti-diuretic hormone

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12
Q

What is the role of the ADH?

A

When there is an increase of osmolarity of the blood, hypothalamus responds and releases ADH

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13
Q

Why is the pituitary gland revered as the ‘master gland’?

A

Acts as the chemical co-ordinated of most of the other endocrine glands

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14
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
lutenizing hormone 
Prolactin
Growth hormone
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15
Q

What is the function of the TSH?

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete its hormone thyroxin

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16
Q

What. The function of FSH?

A

Females- stimulates oogenesis in the ovary

Males- stimulates spermatogenesis

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17
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus lutem

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18
Q

What is the function of the prolactin?

A

Stimulates the production of milk after birth of baby

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19
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

Promotes skeletal and. Muscular growth

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20
Q

What is the growth disorder, acromegaly

A

Results on enlarged. Hands, jawbone and brows

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21
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

When there is a hyposecrection of growth hormone, which results in underdevelopment of the skeleton

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22
Q

What is the difference between hypersecretion and hyposecrection?

A

Hypersecretion- over secretion of a hormone

Hyposecretion - under secretion of a hormone

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23
Q

What is the function of the ACTH?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete hormones, cortisone and aldosterone.

24
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Either side of the trachea , just below larynx

25
Q

What hormone does thyroid secrete?

A

Thyroxin

26
Q

What are the functions of thyroxin?

A
  1. Increases basal metabolic rate, it does this by controlling the rate of cellular respiration.
  2. Promote normal function on of the heart.
  3. Promotes normal functioning of nervous System by sharpening alertness and reflexes
27
Q

How what happens when too little thyroxin occurs?

A

Causes low metabolic rate

28
Q

What are disorders of hypothyroidism?

A

Cretinism - children

Myxoedema- in adults

29
Q

What is cretinism

A

No physical growth. And immature sexual development, mentally retarded

30
Q

What is myxodoema?

A

Results in mental and physical sluggishness , with low pressure and a slow heart and respiratory rate

31
Q

What is the Endocrine system responsible for?

A

Responsible for chemical coordination

32
Q

What is Hyperthyroidism?

A

producing too much thyroxin, causes high metabolic rate.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Body temp is high, sweating increases
heart and respiratory rate increases.
muscle tremors and nervousness
sufferers have swollen thyroid gland - Goitre

34
Q

How do you keep Thyroxin in the blood constant?

A

done by negative feedback
Thyroid and pituitary gland act as follows:
-pituitary detects a decreased level of thyroxin in the blood, so secretes more TSH

  • TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete more thyroxin, returning back to normal level.
  • The higher levelof thyroxin inhibits further secretion of TSH from pituitary
35
Q

What is the purpose of negative feedabck?

A

ensure that the level of thyroxin in the blood is kept at the correct level (set point) at all times.

36
Q

Why is the pancreas known as an unusual gland?

A

It functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland

37
Q

What is the function of the exocrine gland?

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice, which flows along the pancreatic duct into the duodenum where it helps in chemical digestion

38
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine?

A

Cells -islets of langerhans -secrete hormones, scattered throughout the pancreas. The hormones they secrete. Pass directly into the blood.

39
Q

What are the two types of cells I islets that secrete different hormones?

A

Alpha and Beta cells

40
Q

What hormone does Alpha cell secrete?

A

glucagon

41
Q

What hormone does Beta cell secrete?

A

Insulin

42
Q

What are the functions of the hormones?

A

Control the level of blood sugar/ glucose in the blood

43
Q

What is the normal level of glucose concentration?

A

3.5- 5.5 mmol/litre of blood.

44
Q

What is glucose?

A

Simple sugar formed from intake of carbs.

Primary source of cellular energy

45
Q

How is glucose transported as it’s not water soluble?

A

Transported with the aid of insulin.

46
Q

What are the functions of the hormones in the bloodstream?

A

Insulin- lower blood sugar(glucose) level

Glucagon - raises. Blood sugar level

47
Q

How does insulin lower blood sugar levels?

A

-when glucose is absorbed and moves into blood,it will increase blood glucose levels above set point. As blood passes through pancreas, beta cells detect raised glucose levels and respond by secreting insulin

  • insulin goes to muscles and liver to:
  • make cells permeable to glucose, can leave blood , to enter cells
  • increasw rate which glucose converted into glycogen.
  • with process of taking glucose out of blood, blood sugar levels are lowered
  • the lower glucose level is detected, by beta cells, which then stop releasing insulin into blood.
48
Q

How does Glucagon increase blood glucose levels.?

A
  • waking up, glucose level I. Blood is low.
  • as this blood passes through pancreas,alpha cells detect low glucose levels and respond by secreting glucagon into the blood
  • in the liver cells, glucagon causes breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  • As a result, liver releases glucose into blood, increasing blood glucose level.
  • the increased glucose level detected by alpha cells, which then stop releasing glucagon into the blood.
49
Q

What are the adrenal glands

A

pyramid shaped glands
found on top of each kidney
Each adrenal gland is made of two glands, inner medulla and outer cortex.

50
Q

What is the purpose of the cortex?

A

secrete steroid hormones:
Aldossterone
Cortisone
reproductive hormones

51
Q

what is the function of Aldosterone?

A

regulate the electrolytic levels of body fluids and is therefore vital fpr omoregulation

52
Q

How does Aldosterone help to regulate electrolyte?

A

increased reabsorption of sodium ions

53
Q

What is the function of cortisone?

A

increases body ability to resist stress.

also an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic

54
Q

What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenalin

55
Q

What are the effects of adrenalin?

A

‘fight or flight’ hormone, secreted under situation of danger or excitement,will prepare body for action, so an cope with emergency.

56
Q

What effects does Adrenalin bring about?

A
  1. Blood pressure is increased,for blood to go to skeletal and cardiac mucles
  2. Blood levels increased, glycogen converted to glucose, provide fuel for release of more energy
  3. Oxygen content raised, breathing rate and depth of breathing increased. oxygen needed for increased respiration,more energy.
  4. Heart rate is increased
  5. muscle tone increased,muscle respond quickly.
57
Q

What are some of the other effects of adrenalin?

A
  • Dilation of pupils , for better vision
  • increased sweating
  • Reduction of digestive system activity
  • Increased mental alertness.

Human Responses To The Environment (10 decks)

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