Endocrine System

Question 1

What do nociceptors do?

Answer 1

Allow us to feel pain

Question 2

What is the afferent pathway?

Answer 2

The pathway from the receptor to the control centre.

Question 3

What is the efferent pathway?

Answer 3

The pathway from the control centre to the effector.

Question 4

Name 2 examples of positive feedback

Answer 4

blood clotting and ovulation

Question 5

What is a nucleus in the brain?

Answer 5

A cluster of neurones within the brain

Question 6

What is a circadian/diurnal rhythm?

Answer 6

The set point of something set by the control centre in the body can vary over the day.

Question 7

How long is the oscillation of the circadian rhythm?

Answer 7

24 hours

Question 8

How can the circadian rhythm be changed?

Answer 8

By external cues in the local environment called zeitgebers

Question 9

What is jet lag?

Answer 9

Crossing of time zones which results in a mismatch between the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and the body clock.

Question 10

What is the role of melatonin?

Answer 10

Involved in setting the biological clock

Question 11

What are the 3 main compartments of water?

Answer 11

intracellular fluid (most), extracellular fluid and blood plasma (least)

Question 12

Define osmolarity

Answer 12

The number of osmoles per litre of solution

Question 13

Define osmolality

Answer 13

The number of osmoles per kg of solution

Question 14

What is one molar?

Answer 14

1 mole of substance per 1 litre

Question 15

Define osmole

Answer 15

The amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles.

Question 16

Where is the biological clock located?

Answer 16

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain

Question 17

What does a high blood osmolality mean?

Answer 17

There is a high concentration of solutes in the blood so water moves out of cells.

Question 18

How is high blood osmolality reduced?

Answer 18

drinking water

more ADH secretion so more water is reabsorbed in collecting ducts

Question 19

What is low blood osmolality?

Answer 19

A low concentration of solutes in the blood so water moves into cells.

Question 20

Where is the pineal gland?

Answer 20

In the brain

Question 21

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 21

A collection of glands located throughout the body.

Question 22

Name the 4 mechanisms by which hormones work

Answer 22

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and neurocrine

Question 23

Name a molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone

Answer 23

dopamine

Question 24

What are the 4 classifications of hormones?

Answer 24

peptide, amino acid derivatives, glycoproteins and steroids

Question 25

Give examples of peptide hormones

Answer 25

insulin, glucagon and growth hormone

Question 26

Give examples of amino acid derivative hormones

Answer 26

adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid hormone

Question 27

Are the thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

Answer 27

Lipid soluble

Question 28

Are the adrenal medulla hormones lipid or water soluble?

Answer 28

Water soluble

Question 29

Give examples of glycoprotein hormones

Answer 29

LH, FSH and TSH

Question 30

Give examples of steroid hormones

Answer 30

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone

Question 31

Are glycoprotein hormones lipid or water soluble?

Answer 31

Water soluble

Question 32

Which form of hormone is biologically active?

Answer 32

Free form - unbound

Question 33

What is the role of carrier proteins?

Answer 33

increase solubility of hormones in plasma | increase half-life

Question 34

What factors determine hormone level?

Answer 34

rate of production, rate of delivery and rate of degradation

Question 35

Do lipid or water soluble hormones have the faster response?

Answer 35

Water soluble

Question 36

Where do water soluble hormones bind and why?

Answer 36

receptors on the cell surface membrane | cannot cross through the plasma membrane

Question 37

What are the 2 major classes of cell surface receptors?

Answer 37

G proteins | tyrosine kinase domains

Question 38

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind?

Answer 38

to intracellular receptors

Question 39

What are the 2 types of intracellular receptor?

Answer 39

cytoplasmic receptor: binds hormone and then the whole complex enters nucleus to bind DNA nucleus receptor: hormones enters the nucleus and binds to pre-bound receptor on DNA

Question 40

Name a hormone that uses intracellular nuclear receptors

Answer 40

thyroid hormone

Question 41

Where do receptors bind in the nucleus?

Answer 41

specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HRE) in promoter regions of specific genes

Question 42

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 42

Beneath the hypothalamus in a socket of bone

Question 43

Which part of the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus and how is it connected?

Answer 43

posterior pituitary is connected via the pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

Question 44

What is secreted from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 44

oxytocin and ADH

Question 45

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesised?

Answer 45

in the hypothalamus

Question 46

How does secretion from the anterior pituitary work?

Answer 46

hormones from hypothalamus transported down axons and stored in median eminence released into hypophyseal portal system stimulates hormone synthesis and secretion in anterior pituitary

Question 47

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 47

milk let down and uterus contractions during birth

Question 48

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 48

Regulation of body water volume

Question 49

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 49

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

Question 50

What are trophic hormones?

Answer 50

Hormones that affect growth

Question 51

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 51

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin and GH

Question 52

What is the function of TSH?

Answer 52

promote secretion of thyroxine

Question 53

What is the function of ACTH?

Answer 53

promote secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex - mainly cortisol

Question 54

What is the function of LH?

Answer 54

ovulation and secretion of sex hormones

Question 55

What is the function of FSH?

Answer 55

development of eggs and sperm

Question 56

What is the function of prolactin?

Answer 56

mammary gland development and milk secretion

Question 57

What is the function of growth hormone?

Answer 57

promote growth and energy metabolism

Question 58

What do proprioceptors do?

Answer 58

Give us an awareness of body position