Endocrine System Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Located inferior to the hypothalamus and is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
A
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
2
Q
The pituitary gland is divided into which two lobes?
A
Anterior pituitary lobe and the posterior pituitary lobe
3
Q
- also called the neurohypophysis
* composed of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus
A
Posterior pituitary lobe
4
Q
- also called adenohypophysis
- composed of grandular tissue
- regulated by hypothalamus
A
Anterior pituitary lobe
5
Q
What hormones are secreted or stored in the anterior pituitary lobe?
A
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
6
Q
Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary lobe?
A
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
* oxytocin (OXT)
7
Q
- stimulates cell growth and division
* targets bones, muscles, and other tissues
A
Growth hormone (GH)
8
Q
- stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones
* targets the adrenal cortex
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
9
Q
- stimulates release of thyroid hormones
* target thyroid gland
A
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
10
Q
- stimulates development of ova and sperm
* targets gonads
A
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
11
Q
- stimulates secretion of sex hormones
* targets gonads
A
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
12
Q
- stimulates milk production
* targets mammary glands
A
Prolactin (PRL)
13
Q
- stimulates melanin production
* targets melanocytes
A
Melanocytes-stimulating hormone (MSH)
14
Q
- stimulates water reabsorption
* targets renal tubules
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
15
Q
- stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and release of milk
- targets uterus and mammary glands
A
Oxytocin (OT)
16
Q
Butterfly-shaped organ located in the anterior neck, partially wrapping around the trachea just below the larynx
A
Thyroid gland
17
Q
Work together to regulate oxygen utilization and rate of metabolism of the cells. Targets essentially every cell of the body and secreted by follicle cells
A
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
18
Q
Reduces blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bone and excreted by the kidneys
A
Calcitonin (CT)
19
Q
Cells that secrete calcitonin are called?
A
Parafollicular cells or C-cells
20
Q
Raises blood calcium level by causing calcium to be removed from bone and reabsorbed by the kidney. Targets bones and kidneys
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
21
Q
Microscopically the parathyroid glands are composed of?
A
Chief cells and oxyphil cells
22
Q
Each adrenal gland is subdivided into two regions with different functions which include?
A
The outer cortex and the inner medulla
23
Q
The adrenal cortex produces many steroid hormones, which, as a group, are called
A
Corticosteroid hormones
24
Q
The adrenal medulla secretes the “fight or flight” hormones?
A
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
25
The adrenal cortex secreted what hormones?
* aldosterone
* cortisol
* androgens
26
Increase renal absorption of sodium and targets the kidneys
Aldosterone
27
Affects the rate of glucose metabolism and targets most cells
Cortisol
28
Precursors of male and female sex hormones
Androgens
29
Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels and targets most cells
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
30
Two ovarian hormones are?
Estrogen and progesterone
31
Two hormones that act on ovaries?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
32
Signals consist of a chemical secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby but different types of cells.
Paracrine signal
33
A chemical secreted by cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type.
Autocrine signal
34
Hormone secreted into the blood and travels to affect distant tissues.
Endocrine signal
35
What are the three types of chemical signals?
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
36
Interact with their target cells and influence the cells functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis (promotes growth, regulate metabolic reactions, etc)
Hormones
37
What are the endocrine glands?
```
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads
```
38
Particular cells that hormones affect.
Target cells
39
Specific proteins to which hormones can bind.
Receptors
40
What are the glands of the endocrine system?
```
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads
```
41
Interact with their target cells and influence the cells functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis (promotes growth, regulate metabolic reactions, etc)
Hormones
42
What are the three types of chemical signals?
Endocrine signal
Paracrine signal
Autocrine signal
43
The hormone is secreted into the blood and travels to affect distant tissues
Endocrine signal
44
Chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby but different types of cells
Paracrine signal
45
Chemical secreted by the cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type
Autocrine signal
46
Organs of the endocrine system
Endocrine glands
47
An organ that consists of nervous tissue and secretes hormones
Neuroendocrine organ
48
Particular cells that hormones affect
Target cells
49
Specific proteins to which hormones can bind
Receptors
50
When the level of a particular hormone rises in the blood, certain target cells will produce more receptors for that hormone
Up-regulation
51
Prolonged exposure to a high level of a given hormone causes target cells to decrease in the number of receptors specific for that hormone
Down-regulation
52
What are the two classes of hormones?
Amino acid-based
Steroid
53
A hormone that consists of one or more amino acids, hydrophilic and so bind to the plasma membrane receptors
Amino acid-based hormone
54
Cholesterol derivatives with a core of hydrocarbon rings, hydrophobic and so interact with plasma membrane or intracellular receptors
Steroid hormone
55
Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP.
Adenylate cyclase
56
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule (phosphorylation).
Protein kinases
57
Hormones that act on the same target cell to exert the same effect.
Synergists
58
Hormones that act on the same target cell to expert opposite effects
Antagonists
59
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland (hypophysis) by a stalk called?
Infundibulum
60
The hormone that controls water balance
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
61
Lack of ADH secretion or activity
Diabetes insipidis
62
Hormone that supports reproduction and milk release
Oxytocin
63
Positive feedback loop that induces lactation in an hungry infant to suckle which stimulates milk release. When the infant becomes full and stop suckling the feedback loop is broken.
Milk let-down reflex
64
Stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Releasing hormone
65
Inhibits the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Inhibiting hormone
66
GH hypersecretion occurs before closure of epiphyseal plates
Gigantism
67
GH hypersecretion occurs after closure of the epiphyseal plates
Acromegaly
68
GH hypersecretion prior to closure of the epiphyseal plates
Pituitary dwarfism
69
Connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
70
A protein rich gelatinous material that fills the interior of a follicle
Colloid
71
The spheres in the thyroid gland
Thyroid follicles
72
Clusters of cells between the thyroid follicles that produce calcitonin
Parafollicullar cells
73
Hormone secreting cells that produce parathyroid hormone
Chief cells
74
Overproduction of the thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism
75
Underproduction of the thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism
76
A type of hyperthyroidism which results from the immune system producing abnormal proteins that mimic the actions of TSH on the thyroid gland,
Graves' disease
77
An enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter
78
When an infant is born with inadequate thyroid function
Congenital hypothyroidism
79
Occurs when the calcium ion level in the blood increases above normal
Hypercalcemia
80
Regulate the concentration of certain minerals in the body such as sodium and potassium ions (fluid and electrolyte homeostasis)
Mineralocorticoids
81
Hypersecretion of aldosterone that causes abnormally low extracellular concentration of potassium ions
Hypokalemia
82
Hypersecretion of aldosterone that causes abnormally high extracellular concentration of sodium ions
Hypernatremia
83
Produced in the zone fasciculata and sons reticularis and their main role is to help mediate the body's response to stress (metabolic homeostasis)
Glucocorticoids
84
Series of changes that maintains homeostasis when the body is faced with a stressor (exercise, emotional excitement, etc)
Stress response
85
Oversecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, usually from a tumor
Cushing disease
86
Hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol
Addison's disease
87
Sex hormones that affect the reproductive organs, or gonads, and multiple other tissues
Androgenic steroids
88
Neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla that derive from nervous tissue
Chromaffin cells
89
Small round islands of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
90
Exocrine cells in the pancreas that are located around small ducts, into which they secrete enzymes and other products that are delivered into the digestive tract
Acinar cells
91
What are the two groups of cells in the pancreas?
Pancreatic islets
Acinar cells
92
What are the three main cell types of the islets?
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
93
Secrete the peptide hormone glucagon
Alpha cells
94
Secrete the protein hormone insulin
Beta cells
95
Secrete the peptide hormone somatostatin
Delta cells
96
When insulin levels rise to high and the blood glucose level drops
Hypoglycemia
97
When insulin levels decrease and blood glucose levels becomes elevated
Hyperglycemia
98
What are the two most common causes of hyperglycemia?
Diabetes mellitus 1 and 2
99
What are the two hormones secreted by the thymus?
Thymosin
Thymopoietin
100
What hormone does the testes secrete?
Testosterone
101
Wants are the two types of gonads?
Testes (sperm)
Ovaries (Ova/Eggs)
102
What are gametes?
Sperm and Ova/Eggs
103
What hormone does adipose tissue secrete?
Leptin (promotes satiety)
104
What hormone does the cardiac muscle cells secrete?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
105
What hormones does the kidneys secrete?
Erythropoietin production (EPO)
Renin
Conversion of vitamin D
