Endocrine System

Question 1

integrated network of multiple organs derived from different embryologic origins that release hormones ranging from small peptides to glycoproteins, which exert their effects either in neighboring or distant target cells

Answer 1

Endocrine System

Question 2

What is responsible for coordinating and integrating cellular activity within the whole body?

Answer 2

Endocrine System

Question 3

Endocrine system is controlled by?

Answer 3

1) Hormones delivered through circulation
2) Hormones produced locally
3) By direct neuroendocrine stimulation

Question 4

What 3 components make up the core of the endocrine system?

Answer 4

Endocrine glands
Hormones
Target organ

Question 5

Ductless glands that secrete hormones to interstitial space to reach circulation

Answer 5

Classical Endocrine Glands

Question 6

These are not anatomically connected and are scattered throughout the body

Answer 6

Classical Endocrine Glands

Question 7

Communication among different organs is done by release of hormones or neurotransmitters

Answer 7

Classical Endocrine Glands

Question 8

What are the 9 classical endocrine glands?

Answer 8

hypothalamus, pinneal, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, ovarian, testicle, pancreas, hypophysis (adeno & neuro)

Question 9

What are the nonclassical endocrine glands?

Answer 9

heart, intestines, kidney, placenta, adipose tissue

Question 10

Chemical properties released in very small amounts that exert a biological action on a target cell

Answer 10

Hormones

Question 11

Can act in distant sites or locally

Answer 11

Hormones

Question 12

What are the 6 types of chemical messengers?

Answer 12

neurotransmitter, endocrine hormones, neuroendocrine hormones, paracrines, autocrines, cytokines

Question 13

Are released by AXON TERMINALS of NEURONS into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control NERVE functions

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter

Question 14

Are released by GLANDS or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at ANOTHER LOCATION in the body

Answer 14

Endocrine hormones

Question 15

Acetylcholine and Dopamine

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

Insulin and Cortisol

Answer 16

Endocrine hormones

Question 17

Are secreted by NEURON stimulation into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at ANOTHER LOCATION in the body

Answer 17

Neuroendocrine hormones

Question 18

ADH, TSH, Epinephrine

Answer 18

Neuroendocrine hormones

Question 19

Are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect NEIGHBORING target cells of a DIFFERENT type

Answer 19

Paracrines

Question 20

Fibroblast growth factor

Answer 20

Paracrines

Question 21

Are secreted by cells into extracellular fluid and affect the function of the SAME cell

Answer 21

Autocrines

Question 22

IL-6 in cancer and IL-1 in monocytes

Answer 22

Autocrines

Question 23

Are peptides secreted by cells into extracellular fluid and can function as autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine hormone (immune cells)

Answer 23

Cytokines

Question 24

Interleukins, released from T helper cells

Answer 24

Cytokines

Question 25

Are synthesized as a larger molecule (pre-hormone) inside the golgi apparatus and packaged into secretory granules awaiting secretion

Answer 25

Peptide hormone or structure protein

Question 26

Circulate unbound in the blood

Answer 26

Structure protein or peptide hormone, and Amines

Question 27

bind to receptors in the cell membrane (hormone-receptor complex activate a second messenger)

Answer 27

Structure protein or peptide hormone

Question 28

Are derived from the amino acid TYROSINE (hydrophilic)

Answer 28

Amines

Question 29

bind to cell membrane or nuclear receptor

Answer 29

Amines

Question 30

Are derived from CHOLESTEROL

Answer 30

Steroid hormones

Question 31

Are produced by adrenal cortex, gonads, and placenta (ex. cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone)

Answer 31

Steroid hormones

Question 32

Are transported by proteins (lipophilic; ex. albumin)

Answer 32

Steroid hormones

Question 33

Bind to intracellular receptors (enter cells by diffusion and bind to receptors in cytosol or nucleus)

Answer 33

Steroid hormones

Question 34

What are the 2 types of hormone transport?

Answer 34

Free or unbound form | Bound to carrier proteins

Question 35

Hormone Transport: free/unbound

Answer 35

active bind to receptor exert the biological effects

Question 36

Hormone Transport: bound to carrier protein

Answer 36

serve as circulating reservoirs (replenish the concentration of free hormones) liver is responsible for production of most of the proteins

Question 37

Organ that contains cells that express hormone specific receptors and that respond to hormone binding by a demonstration biologic response

Answer 37

Target organ

Question 38

Cell surface receptors (used by peptide and amine hormones)

Answer 38

Hormone receptors

Question 39

Intracellular receptors (cytoplasmic, nuclear) used by steroid hormones, thyroid, retinoid hormones, and vitamin D

Answer 39

Hormone receptors

Question 40

Rate of the removal of the hormone from the blood

Answer 40

Hormone clearance

Question 41

Hormone clearance is done in 4 ways. What are they?

Answer 41

1. metabolic destruction of tissues 2. binding with tissues 3. excretion by liver into bile 4. excretion by kidney into urine