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A&P2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What does an endocrine gland do?

A

The glands to create hormones into the body via bloodstream or internal fluids.
Receptors are on a far away cell

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2
Q

Exocrine secretion

A

Occurs outside of the body through ducks

skin and digestive system

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3
Q

Paracrine secretions

A

Secrete hormones that bind to nearby cells

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4
Q

Autocrine secretion

A

So secrete hormones that have a target in the same cell

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5
Q

Pituitary gland location

A

Face of the brain seller turcica of the sphenoid bone

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6
Q

Thyroid location

A

Base of the neck below Adam’s apple

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7
Q

Parathyroid location

A

4 glands on the posterior of the thyroid

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8
Q

Adrenal location

A

Top of kidneys

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9
Q

Pancreas location

A

Middle of the abdomen in curve of the duoderum

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10
Q

Pineal location

A

Posterior of thalamus of the brain

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11
Q

Testes location

A

Scrotum of the male

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12
Q

Ovaries location

A

Pelvis of the female

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13
Q

Thymus location

A

In the mediastinum anterior to the lungs

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14
Q

Steroid hormone

A

derivative of cholesterol
(Estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D aldosterone)
Nonpolar

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15
Q

Nonsteroid hormone

A

Types of amines, polar, derivatives of amino acids/proteins, (tyrosine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, proteins, short peptides)

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16
Q

Upregulation of hormone receptors

A

Few hormones available, and cells make more receptors to be more responsive

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17
Q

Downregulation of hormone receptors

A

Too many hormones, cells decrease amount of receptors

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18
Q

Steroid hormone action

A
  • bound to soluble proteins in the blood (carrier)
  • reach a target cell and diffuse into nonpolar cell membrane
  • receptors for steroid hormones are generally inside the cell
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19
Q

Pituitary Gland details

A
  • 1cm
  • 2 lobes:
  • anterior: part of endocrine system
  • posterior: part of the nervous system
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20
Q

Anterior hormones (6)

A
  1. ) GH growth hormone
  2. ) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. )ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  4. )FSH follicle stimulating hormone
  5. )LH luteinizing hormone
  6. )PRL prolactin
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21
Q

Posterior hormones (2)

A
  • no direct hormone synthesis
  • hormones are produced in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary
  • ADH antidiuretic hormone
  • OXYTOCIN
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22
Q

Somatotropes secrete

A

Growth hormone

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23
Q

Mammatropes secrete

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

Thyrotropes secrete

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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25
Corticotropes secrete
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
26
Gonadotropes secrete
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males)
27
Releasing hormones come from __________ but are released in _____.
Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
28
The antidiuretic hormone of the posterior pituitary does what?
1. ) binds V1 receptor (narrows blood vessels / vasoconstriction) 2. ) binds V2 receptor (causes kidneys to reabsorb water & is regulated by negative feedback)
29
Oxytocin
- mild anti-diuretic - contract smooth muscle of uterus - stimulates milk release - cuddle hormone - positive feedback
30
Thyroid release
Caused by thyroided releasing hormones which cause T3 & T4 to be released
31
Follicular cells of the thyroid release _________ into _________.
Thyroid hormones, colloid fluid
32
T4(thyroxine) and T3(triiodothyronine) do what?
(Need iodine) determine the basal metabolic rate (metabolism)
33
Thyroid diseases
Graves-hyper thyroid (weight loss) | Hashimoto- hypothyroid (weight gain) too little T3&T4
34
Extrafollicular cells secrete
Calcitonin which lowers calcium concentration in blood
35
Adrenal medulla gets signals from _______ to initiate the _________ and then released _______ or ________ to prolong response.
Sympathetic nervous system (autonomic), fight or flight, epinephrine, norepinephrine
36
Adrenal cortex produces 30+ hormones and is necessary for life, if missing ____ caused the need for ________.
Cushing syndrome, Electrolyte therapy *high weight high blood glucose*
37
Zona glomerulosa produces _______ which ____.
Aldosterone which preserves sodium in the kidneys
38
Blood cell production process
- hematopoietic stem cell - myeloid stem cell - erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte
39
Destruction of RBC
-becomes less flexible/easily damaged -rupture in liver and spleen -cell is eaten by macrophage Hemoglobin is broken down -heme: iron and green pigment -globin: iron to liver and protein into amino acids and biliverdin into bilirubin (orange pigment)
40
White blood cells (leukocyte) formed from what to what
Hematopoietic stem -interleukins -colony stimulating factors White blood cell
41
Diapedesis
When WBC leaves bloodstream to go to wound
42
2 categories of WBC
``` Granulocytes -neutrophil -eosinophil -basophil Agranulocytosis -monocyte -lymphocyte ```
43
Neutrophil
- multiple lobes of nucleus - 1st responder - phagocyte to bacteria etc - 54-62% of WBCs
44
Eosinophil
- 2 lobes of nucleus - respond to allergic reactions and parasitic worms - don't leave bloodstream - 1-3% of WBC
45
Basophils
- migrate to damaged tissue - release histamine for swelling and heparin for inhibiting blood clots - <1% of WBC
46
Monocytes
- no granules - large - kidney shaped nuclei - become macrophage - second responder but does more - 3-9% of WBC
47
Lymphocyte
- no granules - smallest - large round nucleus - become T cells and B cells for immunity - 35% of WBC
48
Platelets and thrombocytes production
- Hematopoietic stem cell - myeloid stem cell - bits of cell break off - platelets (produce serotonin) * survive 10 days*
49
3 major proteins in plasma of the blood
1. ) albumin- balances colloid osmotic pressure// blood pressure 2. ) globulin -transport lipids and vitamins and make antibodies 3. ) fibrinogen - blood clotting
50
Zona fasciculata Produces
cortisol
51
Zona reticularis produces
Some sex hormones called androgens
52
Role of cortisol
Keeps blood sugar stable between meals by converting amino acids into glucose *gluconeogenesis* and releases fatty acids from adipose tissues
53
Pineal gland location and role
- Posterior of thalamus on brain | - secretes melatonin which is your circadian (sleep) rhythm
54
Thymus location and role
- In mediastinum between lungs - secrete T cells which help immunity - size can decrease with age
55
Type 1 diabetes
- immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin - no insulin production/need insulin - not reversible
56
Type 2 diabetes
High blood sugar causes lots of insulin production which causes down regulation of insulin receptors -reversible
57
Pancreas role and location
Sits in c shaped curve of the duoderum - both exocrine and endocrine - Exocrine cells are acinar cells which secrete pancreatic juices and lone pancreatic duct * **endocrine cells are in the islet of langerhans
58
3 types of pancreatic cells
Alpha Beta Delta
59
Alpha cells of pancreas
Secrete glucagon which increases glucose in blood and breaks down fat and noncarbs into glucose
60
Beta cells of pancreas
Secrete insulin lowers sugar in blood
61
Delta cells of pancreas
Secretes somatostatin which weakly inhibits insulin and glucagon
62
Thrombus
Inappropriate blood clot
63
Embolus
Dislodged clot
64
Embolism
Embolus Blood clot lodged in a new spot
65
Infarction
Embolism causing the death of a tissue (brain/ stroke or heart/heart attack)
66
Prevention of clots in blood
- Endothelial tissue makes prostacyclin which stops platelets from adhering - basophils and mast cells produce heparin which prevents clots
67
Atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits in arteries inhibits prostacyclin from being emitted and thrombus can form *#1 cause of stroke/heart attack
68
Antigen
Triggers immune response
69
Antibody
Attacks antigen
70
Agglutination
Clumping of blood due to antibodies attacking antigens

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