Endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine gland

Answer 1

Ductless (no passage or channel) gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries

Question 2

Exocrine gland

Answer 2

Secretes products to external environment by way of ducts

Question 3

Hormone

Answer 3

Molecule which is secreted into bloodstream by an endocrine gland, and which has its effects upon target cells with appropriate receptor
Two types:
1) Peptide (Amino-acid derivatino or polypeptide)
2) Steroid

Question 4

Peptide hormone

Answer 4

Primary messenger which binds to cell-surface receptor due to hydrophilic nature; synthesized in rough ER
Two types:
1) Polypeptide
2) Amino-acid derivation

Question 5

Second messenger

Answer 5

Function of proteins in cytoplasm is changed, and key feature is signal amplification changing multiple enzymes at once
e.g. cAMP

Question 6

Steroid hormone

Answer 6

1) Hydrophobic molecules synthesized from cholesterol from smooth ER
2) Freely diffuse through membranes and binds with a receptor in cytoplasm
3) Once bound, the complex transports to the nucleus and modifies transcription, changing amount or type of protein produced (more long-lasting than other hormones)

Question 7

Tropic hormones

Answer 7

Meta-regulators; hormones that regulate hormones

e.g. ACTH stimulates cortisol

Question 8

Hypothalamic-pituitary control axis

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Answer 8

1) Hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary controls most of the endocrine system
2) Miniature circulatory system for transport of hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary glands

Question 9

Hypophysis

Answer 9

Another name for pituitary gland

Question 10

Adenohypophysis

Answer 10

Another name for anterior pituitary gland. Controlled by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (tropic hormones)

Question 11

Neurohypophysis

Answer 11

Another name for posterior pituitary gland. Composed of axons which descend from the hypothalamus.
–> These hypothalamic neurons that send axons down to the posterior pituitary are an example of neuroendocrine cells, neurons which secrete hormones into the bloodstream. A more direct way of getting hormones in bloodstream?

Question 12

Growth hormone (GH, peptide)

Answer 12

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Increase bone and muscle , increase cell turnover rate

Question 13

Prolactin (peptide)

Answer 13

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Mammary gland/milk production

Question 14

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, peptide, tropic)

Answer 14

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Stimulates production of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

Question 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, peptide)

Answer 15

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Increase cortisol level by stimulating adrenal cortex

Question 16

Luteinizing hormone (LH, peptide, gonadotropic)

Answer 16

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Ovary/ovulation, testosterone synthesis

Question 17

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, peptide, gonadotropic)

Answer 17

Gland: Anterior pituitary

Function: Ovary/follical development, testes/spermatogenesis

Question 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin, peptide)

Answer 18

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Function: Kidney/water retention

Question 19

Oxytocin (peptide)

Answer 19

Gland: Posterior pituitary

Function: Breast/milk letdown reflex in response to suckling, uterus/contraction

Question 20

Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine, modified amino acid)

Answer 20

Gland: Thyroid

Function: Physical and mental development in children; increased metabolic rate and body temperature

Question 21

Calcitonin (peptide, thyroid C cells)

Answer 21

Gland: Thyroid

Function: Bone, kidney; lowers serum calcium levels

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone (PTH, peptide)

Answer 22

Gland: Parathyroid

Function: Bone, kidney, small intestine; raises serum calcium levels

Question 23

Thymosin (children only, peptide)

Answer 23

Gland: Thymus

Function: T cell development during childhood

Question 24

Epinephrine (modified amino acid)

Answer 24

Gland: Adrenal medulla

Function: Sympathetic stress response (rapid); raises blood glucose

Question 25

Cortisol (glucocorticoid, steroid)

Answer 25

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Function: Stress response; raises blood glucose; increase in protein catabolism; decrease in inflammation and immunity

Question 26

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid, steroid)

Answer 26

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Function: Kidney; increase in sodium reabsorption which leads to increase in blood pressure

Question 27

Insulin (Beta cells secrete, peptide –> absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus)

Answer 27

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Lower blood glucose; increase glycogen and fat storage

Question 28

Glucagon (Alpha cells secrete, peptide)

Answer 28

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Increase blood glucose; decrease in glycogen and fat storage

Question 29

Somatostatin (Gamma cells secrete, peptide)

Answer 29

Gland: Endocrine pancreas

Function: Inhibits many digestive processes and other gut cells

Question 30

Testosterone (steroid)

Answer 30

Gland: Testes

Function: Male characteristics; spermatogenesis

Question 31

Estrogen (steroid)

Answer 31

Gland: Ovaries/placenta

Function: Female characteristics, endometrial growth

Question 32

Progesterone (Steroid)

Answer 32

Gland: Ovaries/placenta

Function: Endometrial secretion, pregnancy

Question 33

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, peptide)

Answer 33

Gland: Heart

Function: Kidney; increase in urination and decrease in blood pressure

Question 34

Erythropoietin (peptide)

Answer 34

Gland: Kidney

Function: Bone marrow; Increase RBC synthesis