endocrine system

Question 1

endocrine

Answer 1

-hormone secreted into blood and travels to affect distant tissue

Question 2

paracrine

Answer 2

-chemicals secreted by cells into ECF to affect nearby, but different, types of cells

Question 3

autocrine

Answer 3

-chemical secreted by cells into interstitial fluid elicits effects from same cell or cell type.

Question 4

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 4

• origin: hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)
• target: kidneys, brain
• effect: water reabsorption from kidneys; increases blood volume

Question 5

oxytocin

Answer 5

• origin: hypothalamus (stored posterior in pituitary)
• target: uterus, mammary glands
• effect: uterine contractions, milk let-down reflex

Question 6

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 6

• origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
• target: thyroid gland
• effect: growth and development of the thyroid gland; synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 7

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 7

• origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
• target: adrenal cortex
• effect: growth and development of adrenal cortices; release of adrenal steroids and catecholamines

Question 8

prolactin

Answer 8

• origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
• target: mammary gland
• effect: development of mammary glands, milk production

Question 9

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 9

• origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
• target: male gonads, female gonads
• effect: development of gonads; testosterone production; production of estrogens and progesterone; ovulation

Question 10

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 10

• origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
• target: male gonads, female gonads
• effect: production of factors that bind and concentrate testosterone; production of estrogens; maturation of ovarian follicles

Question 11

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 11

• origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
• target: liver, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, bone and cartilage
• effect: gluconeogenesis; fat breakdown (lipolysis); protein breakdown; production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) which stimulates cell division and protein synthesis

Question 12

Trilodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 12

• origin: thyroid
• target: nearly every cell in the body
• effect: set the basal metabolic rate; thermoregulation; growth and development; synergism with the SNS

Question 13

Calcitonin

Answer 13

• origin: thyroid
• target: osteoclasts
• effect: inhibits osteoclast activity under certain conditions, which transiently decreases the blood calcium ion concentration

Question 14

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 14

• origin: parathyroid glands
• target: bone, kidneys, intestine
• effect: increases calcium ion reabsorption from the fluid in the kidneys; increases calcium ion absorption from the contents of the small intestine; indirectly increases osteoclast activity; all effects lead to an increased blood calcium ion concentration

Question 15

aldosterone

Answer 15

• origin: adrenal gland
• target: tubules of the kidney
• effect: increases sodium ion retention directly and water retention indirectly; increases potassium ion loss in the urine; increases hydrogen ion loss in the urine; regulates blood pressure

Question 16

cortisol

Answer 16

• origin: adrenal gland
• target: liver, muscle, adipose, white blood cells
• effect: increases gluconeogenesis in the liver; increases protein breakdown in muscle; increases lipolysis in adipose tissue; inhibits the inflammatory response

Question 17

androgens

Answer 17

• origin: adrenal gland
• target: organs of the reproductive tract; brain; bone; skeletal muscle
• effects: can be converted to testosterone in the circulation; likely responsible for development of female pubic hair and libido

Question 18

catecholamines (epi and norepi)

Answer 18

• origin: adrenal medullary gland
• target: nearly every cell in the body
• effects: increase rate and force of heart contraction; dilate bronchioles; constrict blood vessels to the digestive and urinary organs and the skin; increase the metabolic rate; dilate the pupils

Question 19

insulin/glucagon

Answer 19

• origin: pancreas
• target:
  
  • insulin: most cells including those of liver, skeletal and cardiac muscles and adipocytes
  • glucagon: liver, muscle, adipose
• effects:
  insulin: stimulates glucose uptake by most target cells; glycogenesis; and lipogenesis
  glucagon: stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown, ketogenesis, and fat and protein breakdown

Question 20

melatonin

Answer 20

• origin: pineal gland
• target: reticular formation of the brainstem
• effects: regulates the sleep/wake cycle; promotes sleep

Question 21

thymosin/thymopoietin

Answer 21

• origin: thymus
• target: t lymphocytes
• effect: promote t lymphocyte maturation

Question 22

testosterone

Answer 22

• origin: testes
• target: male reproductive organs, multiple other target tissues
• effects: androgenic effects, anabolic effects

Question 23

estrogens

Answer 23

• origin: ovaries
• target: female reproductive organs
• effects: development of female secondary sex characteristics; regulate the menstrual cycle; multiple other effects

Question 24

progesterone

Answer 24

• origin: ovaries
• target: multiple other target tissues
• effects: prepare the body for pregnancy; support fetal development; multiple other effects

Question 25

leptin

Answer 25

- origin: adipose tissue - target: brain - effects: promotes satiety

Question 26

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 26

- origin: heart - target: smooth muscle cells in blood vessel wall; kidney tubules - effects: relaxes smooth muscle cells in blood vessels; promotes natriuresis and fluid loss in the kidneys; lowers blood pressure as a result of above effects

Question 27

erythropoietin

Answer 27

- origin: kidneys - target: red bone marrow - effects: increases rate at which erythrocytes are formed

Question 28

renin

Answer 28

- origin: kidneys - target: enzyme that activates angiotensinogen - effects: part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 29

vitamin D (calcitriol)

Answer 29

- origin: kidneys - target: small intestines - effects: vitamin D activation