Endocrine system Flashcards by Rohmat Ali

What is the fight or flight response?

Is a response carried out by the sympathetic nervous system, allowing the stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline in to the bloodstream.

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Annotate the parathyroid gland

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Draw a basic image of the movement of a hormone from its origin to its target.

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what are glands responsible for?

Glands are responsible for manufacturing, storing & releasing at least 1 specific molecule called a hormone.

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Why is the pancreas part of the foregut and midgut?

The pancreas gets arterial blood supply from both coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery.

The pancreas drains in to both venous blood drainage splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein and then in to the hepatic portal vein

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The thyroid gland uses iodine to manufacture 2 hormones, what are they called?

Triiodothyronine T3

Thyroxine T4

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Annotate the arterial supply of the adrenal glands

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Is the parathyroid gland under pituitary control?

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Which region of the cranial cavity does the pituitary gland sit?

Sphenoid bone

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What is a portal system?

A portal system is two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein

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What hormone is secreted after response from LH from the anterior pituitary and what is its function? (In males)

The hormone testosterone is secreted, and it controls

Male secondary sex characteristics

Closure of epiphyseal growth plates

Stimulates sperm production

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Where is the pancreas located anatomically?

The pancreas is located in the:

Retroperitoneum

Overlying L1/L2 vertebra

Posterior to the stomach

Anterior to aorta and IVC

Between duodenum and spleen

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Annotate the arterial blood supply to the thyroid gland

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the gonadal venous drainage system drains in to which major vein?

The right gonadal vein drains directly in the inferior vena cava

Whilst the left gonadal vein makes it way to the left renal vein.

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In which system would you find the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system?

The hepatic portal system would be found in the – Gastrointestinal System

The hypophyseal portal system would be found in the – Endocrine system

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What is the difference between the two types of diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 – failure to produce insulin

Type 2 – target cells fail to respond to insulin

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The anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones towards the superior vena cava via the?

Hypophyseal veins

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Annotate the thyroid

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What is the importance of Ca++ in the body?

Normal muscle & nerve function depends on blood Ca++ levels being in the normal range.

List 6 hormone that are released from the anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone (GH)

Prolactin

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Lutenising hormone (LH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Name four functions hormones are responsible for?

There are many functions of hormones

Hormones help with metabolism

Hormones help with growth

Hormones help with reproductive function

Body stress response

Hormonal secretion patterns vary depending on the gland and hormone that is being released. There are three secretion patterns name all three and give examples.

Diurnal secretion pattern: melatonin (hormone which helps regulate sleeping patterns) is an example of a hormone that is predicable over a 24 hour period

Constant secretion pattern: thyroxine/triiodoltyronine (T3)/triiodolthyronine (t4) are examples of hormones that are constantly being released to maintain the basal metabolic rate these are maintenance of physiology function at all times.

Episodic secretion pattern: insulin is an example of a hormone that is released when reacting to a specific stimulus, this pattern is less predictable.

Annotate the cranial cavity

***The adrenal glands sit on top of their respected kidneys, can they be separated?***

Yes they can, the adrenal glands are not connected through any ligaments, they sit together through a fascial septum.

***The hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibitory hormones to the pituitary gland via what?***

Hypophyseal portal veins

Annotate the venous parathyroid gland

***What is the name of the connection that bridges the hypothalamus ang the pituitary gland?***

Infundibulum (funnel)

***The thalamus and hypothalamus combine to form the?***

Diencephalon

***the ovaries are located in the female pelvis region and secrete two hormones in response to FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland, what are the names of the hormones and their functions.***

The hormones that are released by the ovaries are: Oestrogen in response to FSH: female secondary sex characteristics and ovum development. Progesterone in response to LH: prepares the uterus for pregnancy

***When a endocrine tumour invades an endocrine gland the tumour might be either functioning or non-functioning. What does this mean?***

When a tumour presents itself on a endocrine gland it will either cause hypersecretion which is releasing to much hormone or hyposecretion releasing to less hormone.

***The spinal cord descends inferiorly however there are three regions between the spinal cord and the hypothalamus, name these 3 regions proximal to distal.***

Diencephalon\>Midbrain \> Pons \> Medulla\>Spinal cord.

***The adrenal gland has two anatomical and functional parts which secrete hormones, what are the two anatomical parts and what hormones do they secrete?***

1. Adrenal cortex: secretes glucocorticoids (under pituitary control), mineralocorticoids and androgens 2. Adrenal medulla: secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

***The posterior pituitary gland manufactures two hormones what are they and their functions?***

**Oxytocin:** ejection of breast milk, stimulates uterine contraction in childbirth, social bonding **Vasopressin:** also known as ADH or antidiuretic hormone aids in water retention.

***Endocrine cells release their product in 3 different methods, what are they?***

The three methods are endocrine, paracrine and autocrine **Endocrine** – product is released in to the blood stream and transports to cells distant from the source. **Paracrine** – chemical signal acts on neighbouring cells. **Autocrine** – chemical signal acts of the cell that released it.

***Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism & stimulate growth, we cannot live without T3!! The dietary lack of iodine causes what?***

The dietary lack of iodine causes the thyroid gland to swell resulting in a goitre!!

***What is the function of the parathyroid gland?***

The parathyroid gland manufactures and secretes parathyroid hormone, in particular a hormone that regulates calcium in the blood and bone.

***Annotate the venous drainage of the adrenal glands***

***What is the endocrine system?***

The endocrine system is a collection of glands from around the body that uses the periphery to transport hormones.

***The gonadal arteries branch of what major artery?***

The aorta

***How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system in terms of getting its message across?***

The major difference between both system is that the endocrine system is allot slower in response however the purpose of the endocrine system is for the affect to have a long duration Whereas the nervous system responds lightning quick and its affects are short lasted.

***Where are the testes located?***

The testes are located in the scrotum in the perineum

***How many parts does the pancreas have and what are the functions of the individual parts?***

1. The **endocrine pancreas** manufactures various hormones: insulin is secreted in to the blood in response to islet of Langerhans cells detecting increased blood glucose 2. The **exocrine pancreas** manufactures digestive enzymes & secretes them via a duct system in to the duodenum.

***Endocrine glands are located throughout the region of the body, complete the table to match the adrenal glands to their respected region.*** **Endocrine glands** Region Hypothalamus Pituitary gland 4x parathyroid glands Thyroid gland 2x adrenal gland Pancreas 2x ovaries 2x testes

**Endocrine glands** Region Hypothalamus - Head Pituitary gland - Head 4x parathyroid glands - Neck Thyroid gland - Neck 2x adrenal gland - Abdomen Pancreas - Abdomen 2x ovaries - Pelvis 2x testes - Perineum

***Is the pancreas under the control of the pituitary gland?***

***What does the term homeostasis mean?***

The term homeostasis in reference to anatomy means that: the bodies physical parameters are kept relatively constant (within the normal ranges) despite opposing external influences.

***What is the function of the pituitary gland?***

Known as the master gland the pituitary gland releases hormones which control the output of many other endocrine glands.

The posterior pituitary gland is a continuation of the hypothalamus where axons project down through the infundibulum, what is another name of the posterior pituitary gland?

Neurohypophysis